As part of their response to the 2025 EC-OECD STIP survey, countries indicated the main policy debates around the Governance of national STI policy (raw data included below in Annex A). The following debates figured prominently in country responses:
Figure 1 shows the number of policy initiatives reported within themes belonging to the Governance policy area. The largest number of policies address International STI governance. This set includes a wide range of initiatives varying in scope, including strategies promoting the internationalisation of research and innovation activities, bilateral research and innovation cooperation agreements, participation in multilateral initiatives, and joint infrastructures or research centres. The second most recurrent theme is STI plan or strategy, also capturing a variety of country agendas that set the national priorities for STI activities. The third most frequent theme is Strategic policy intelligence, grouping high-level expert groups or advisory councils, regulations related to evidence-based policy making, scoreboards, technology assessments and foresight exercises, among others. This theme is followed by Horizontal policy coordination (e.g. inter-ministerial councils and priority-setting mechanisms) and, lastly, Evaluation and impact assessment that captures key regulations, bodies and initiatives in charge of setting the country's overarching evaluation practices and mechanisms. In this edition of the survey, "climate change" is a recurrent keyword of Governance policies (see section on Net zero transitions).
Figure 2 indicates the frequency in which Governance policy initiatives address target groups (actors in the STI system). As it is to be expected, most policies are addressed to the National government. As shown further below, very often these initiatives establish national strategies or plans, which seek to provide orientation or coordination to government action. The next more frequently raised target groups are Public research institutes and Higher education institutes, also frequently addressed by overarching national strategies. Established researchers are relatively less often directly targeted compared to public research organisations. Firms are the most frequently targeted private actor in the STI system. Companies are addressed to similar extents regardless of their age or size, though SMEs are at times emphasised in policies. After this target group we find another private sector actor, i.e. Private research and development lab, followed by Postdocs and other early career researchers and PhD students. After public and private actors we find that a number of policies seek to involve Civil society as a whole, as is the case with Subnational government bodies (regional governance). Other target groups addressed by more than 150 initiatives include Entrepreneurs and knowledge intermediaries such as Incubators, accelerators, science parks or technoparks, Academic societies and Industry associations.
The most frequently used policy instrument is Strategies, agendas and plans (Figure 3). These strategies cover a wide range of national issues, often overlapping into other policy areas such as Public research system and Innovation in firms and innovative entrepreneurship. Keywords indicate that international cooperation, artificial intelligence and climate change are common topics covered in national strategies. Other frequent instruments include Policy intelligence (e.g. evaluations, benchmarking and forecasts), used to advance policy learning with a view of improving the design and implementation of policies or seeking to fine-tune STI governance arrangements. Horizontal STI coordination bodies are often put in place to ensure the coherence of STI policymaking by setting up mechanisms to coordinate different levels of government. Another noteworthy observation of the figure is that keywords suggest that Project grants for public research are employed to promote international research cooperation.
Governance initiatives typically do not have any budget expenditures (Figure 4). This is particularly the case for Strategies, agendas and plans, which generally aim to set priorities for public investment in STI and identify the focus of government reforms without funding any specific actions. Initiatives reporting yearly budget expenditures fall within the Less than 1M and 1M-5M ranges, often dedicated to cover operational costs of a government body or a mechanism associated to the initiative. This includes monitoring arrangements that provide scoreboards and foresights as forms of policy intelligence to inform decision-making. Initiatives with 100M EUR yearly budget expenditure or higher include highly strategic programmes funding research infrastructures and schemes addressing climate change, sustainability and societal challenges (see keywords).
Figure 5 shows that Portugal has reported the largest number of initiatives in this policy area, followed by Korea, the European Union and Brazil. The chart shows only the number of policy initiatives reported by countries and gives no indication of their scale or scope. The figure should therefore be interpreted with care. Clicking on a given bar in the chart will bring you to the corresponding country dashboard for Governance policies.
Table 1 contains the answers provided by countries (and other entities) to the following question: Policy debates for Governance You may use the table's search box to filter the data by country or keyword. You may also dowload the data in Excel format.
Table 1. Policy debates in the Governance policy area
| Country | Response |
|---|---|
| Argentina | Science, technology, and innovation policy in Argentina is currently at the centre of crucial governance debates. These discussions focus on the sustainability of public investment and the need for better coordination with the productive system. There is also a pressing need to federalize and diversify the capabilities of the scientific and technological system. Structural challenges continue to exist, notably the need to enhance the connection between the knowledge generated and the resolution of socioeconomic issues. In this context, it is vital to bolster strategic planning and promote mechanisms for public-private cooperation. Furthermore, it is essential to consolidate state policies that ensure the practical application of generated knowledge in the country's productive development. |
| Armenia | After discussing with all stakeholders and summarising the proposals, the draft Decision of the Government of the Republic of Armenia "On Approval of Draft Laws on Amendments and Additions to the Law 'On Higher Education and Science' and Related Laws" was submitted to the Government of the Republic of Armenia. This submission was accompanied by the official letter from the Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport of the Republic of Armenia, dated March 14, 2025, with reference number 01/9.1/7523-2025. The draft is currently under consideration by the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia. Following the approval of the draft decision by the Government of the Republic of Armenia, it is planned to submit it to the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia for further deliberation and potential enactment. |
| Australia | In the 2024-25 Budget, the Australian Government announced a strategic examination of the research and development (R&D) system, following on from the Universities Accord and as part of the Future Made in Australia package. An independent expert panel, appointed in early 2025, is leading this strategic examination of R&D (SERD). The panel's responsibilities include delivering advice to the government, including an action plan, consulting widely across Australia, engaging with the research sector, business, and industry, examining the challenges faced by R&D investors, and identifying how science and research can enhance Australia's manufacturing capabilities, support national priorities, and boost global competitiveness. A multi-agency secretariat, which includes officials from the Department of Industry, Science and Resources, and the Department of Education, supports this work. During public consultations, some of the key themes raised with the SERD include exploring new mechanisms of fostering policy, such as mission-oriented approaches, and examining policy concepts like directionality and conditionality.. These concepts, discussed in the work of Mariana Mazzucato and others, focus on more targeted support for innovation and R&D activities, but also look at mechanisms for providing such supports with conditions attached (such as performance monitoring and reporting). There is a significant focus on how to increase the GERD/GDP ratio, particularly in the area of Business R&D (BERD). This has become a central issue as data indicates that BERD has been progressively declining over the last decade and a half. As part of the previously mentioned SERD review, the causes of declining BERD, and possible policies to reverse this decline, are being considered. There is also an ongoing effort to align federal government R&D programs with national priorities and increasing emphasis on measuring the impact of R&D and STI using an outcomes focus. There has also been a focus on the coordination of STI and R&D federal programmes across agencies to determine whether a more centralised approach would be effective, and on aligning the STI system with national priorities. The scale, efficiency, and coherence across federal government R&D support programs are under review. Recent discussions have focused on large national government programs, such as the Future Made in Australia, and the potential role of innovation and R&D in supporting related program objectives. |
| Austria | The Austrian government's programme is committed to significantly enhancing the sectors of research, innovation, and knowledge transfer, recognising these as crucial for the nation's long-term competitiveness and future. Austria is advancing its Federal Research, Technology and Innovation (RTI) Strategy 2030, which is coordinated by the inter-ministerial RTI Task Force and chaired by the Federal Chancellery. The implementation of this strategy is facilitated through the RTI Pact 2024-26, which focuses on supporting the twin transition, bolstering trust in science and democracy, championing research excellence and top talent, advancing research to meet climate targets, broadening cooperation between science and industry, advocating technological sovereignty, and encouraging openness. The budget for RTI has increased by approximately 31% compared to the previous RTI Pact 2021-23. Performance and financing agreements, aligning with the Research Funding Act, are established with all 11 central facilities, covering financial provisions and content-specific targets for a three-year period. Prior to these agreements, RTI ministries engage with organisations to outline longer-term planning and funding arrangements. In 2023, the Federal Government introduced a bill to establish a unified Austrian Council for Research, Science, Innovation, and Technology Development. RTI also plays a significant role in major cross-governmental initiatives, including the Climate and Energy Fund, the Climate and Transformation Initiative, and the Future Austria Fund. Austria’s first National European Research Area (ERA) Action Plan (2022-2025) was endorsed by the Council of Ministers, setting concrete goals and targeted measures to enhance key areas of the Austrian RTI framework, such as improving career paths for researchers and enhancing knowledge valorisation. A progress report is scheduled for release in April 2025, with preliminary findings already indicating that most milestones have been met. Building on this, Austria is developing a new ERA Action Plan (2026-2028), which involves engaging research departments across ministries and collaborating with stakeholders like higher education institutions, industry, and research funding organisations through the Austrian ERA Stakeholder Forum. The RTI Strategy 2030 will continue to be a cornerstone in the future. Based on this strategy, the priorities and budget for the third RTI Pact 2027-2029 will be negotiated in 2025 and adopted by the end of that year. The new government programme will play a crucial role in shaping these developments. |
| Belgium - Brussels Capital | The governance of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy in the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR) is undergoing significant evolution to address the emerging societal, ecological, and economic challenges. Innoviris, the regional agency tasked with implementing STI policy, is at the forefront of these discussions, which focus on institutional reform. The reforms aim to enhance autonomy and flexibility while providing a clearer categorisation of funding instruments. There is a strong consensus on adopting a mission-driven, inclusive approach that emphasises high-impact sectors such as digital technology, circular economy, health, social innovation, and deep tech. These sector-specific innovation trajectories are designed to better valorise research outcomes and scale up innovative companies, thereby contributing directly to the region's socio-economic transition and enhancing its attractiveness. Moreover, the debates are centred on optimising the governance structure to increase the effectiveness of STI policies. Innoviris is advocating for the simplification of administrative processes and greater flexibility through regulatory reforms, including the introduction of regulatory sandboxes. There is also a push for increased responsibility in managing STI-related budgets and projects. The reformed governance model is intended to accelerate the uptake of innovation within public services, notably through the enhanced use of innovative public procurement and better integration of research results into evidence-based policymaking. Ensuring funding sustainability is another priority—stakeholders emphasise gradually increasing R&D budgets to meet the 3%-of-GDP target despite fiscal constraints. New mechanisms are also being put in place to centralise and share research knowledge with government bodies, facilitating evidence-informed policymaking. In tandem, there is an emphasis on fostering innovation within the public sector itself, including initiatives to strengthen innovative public procurement and knowledge diffusion across administrations. Regulatory reforms are under consideration, notably the introduction of regulatory sandboxes that allow novel solutions to be tested in controlled environments under adapted rules, to create a more flexible, forward-looking environment for responsible innovation. In addition, Brussels is actively aligning its STI governance with broader European and international contexts to enhance collaboration within Belgian regions and leverage European funding and partnerships. Special attention is being paid to ethical and security considerations in international cooperation and dual-use technologies, ensuring alignment with European missions such as achieving climate neutrality. Efforts to strengthen Brussels' identity as an innovation hub through coherent city branding and strategic international positioning are also critical elements of the ongoing governance discussions. These efforts ultimately aim to bolster the region's competitiveness and sustainability in the global innovation landscape. |
| Belgium - Federal government | The parliamentary elections at both federal and regional levels in Belgium were held on June 9, 2024. While the regional governments were established relatively quickly, the formation of the new federal government was only completed in January 2025. During the interim period of approximately eight months, from June to January, the federal state was managed on a day-to-day basis, with no new initiatives being undertaken at this level. A federal government agreement was finalised at the end of January 2025 and subsequently approved by the federal Parliament for the period 2025-2029. A new minister in charge of science policy has been appointed. The budget figures for the upcoming period have not yet been released; however, it is anticipated that there will be significant budget cuts, with a reduction of 25% already announced. The specific domains where these reductions will be applied have not yet been determined. The Belgian Science Policy Office (Belspo), which plays a crucial role within the federal administration, is currently undergoing strategic re-evaluations. The previous strategic plan concluded on December 31, 2024, and a new strategic plan is in preparation. The new federal Minister in charge of science policy is scheduled to present her general policy note to the Parliament on May 14. The repositioning and role of Belspo within the federal administration will be carefully reconsidered in light of these developments. |
| Belgium - Flanders | In line with the priorities of the Flemish Coalition Agreement, the Minister-President of the Flemish Government, who is responsible for Economy, Innovation, Industry, and Science Policy, has set four strategic objectives for the 2024-2029 legislative term. These objectives focus on economy, science, innovation, and industrial policy. Firstly, the government aims to sustainably strengthen the productivity and competitiveness of the Flemish economy and industry, notably through the Flemish Productivity and Competitiveness Agenda (Vlaamse Versnelling – Flemish Acceleration). Secondly, it seeks to support strategic sectors and increase strategic autonomy. Thirdly, it is committed to creating an entrepreneur- and SME-friendly environment. Lastly, the government plans to increase investment in Research, Development, and Innovation R&D&I to a 5%-target and economic valorization, aiming for 1% government investments and positioning Flanders as an innovation leader in the European Regional Innovation Scoreboard (RIS). The aim is to establish Flanders as one of the top five knowledge regions in Europe. The current R&D intensity is at 3.52% of GDP, surpassing the initial target of 3% and moving towards a new goal of 5%. This information was provided by national sources and is not yet available in OECD databases as of July 2025. As part of the preparations for the Flemish Productivity and Competitiveness Agenda, a system analysis of the Flemish Research, Development, and Innovation (R&D&I) landscape was conducted. This analysis initiated a strategic dialogue with all key stakeholders within the quadruple helix. The dialogue aims to develop comprehensive and sector-specific agendas that cover knowledge, innovation, valorization, and regulatory simplification. This collaborative approach fosters mutual commitments from both public and private actors to drive sustainable economic progress. This agenda is designed to reverse stagnating productivity trends and promote sustainable economic growth through forward-looking strategies and evidence-informed decision-making. There are five distinct trajectories being pursued: enhancing the valorization of R&D&I investments, assessing funding mechanisms and mapping stakeholders and programs, developing a Research Infrastructure Roadmap and strengthening the funding ecosystem, simplifying regulatory frameworks and creating a compliance tool, and strengthening the R&D&I capacity of applied science universities, which includes clarifying their role, expanding institutional capacity, enhancing participation in financial instruments, and professionalizing the valorization funnel. Reflecting on the governance of the R&D&I system in Flanders is an integral part of this dialogue, ensuring that the governance structures adequately support the strategic objectives and facilitate effective implementation of the agenda. |
| Belgium - Wallonia | The current energy crisis underscores the urgency of a sustainable transition, a process to which Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy must significantly contribute. It is equally vital to maintain a stable support framework to ensure the coherent and proper development of Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) activities. By preserving support for a diverse range of strategic domains, as outlined in Wallonia's Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3), we can foster the development of various skills essential for Wallonia's resilience in facing future societal challenges. The operationalisation of Wallonia's 2021-2027 Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) has advanced with the definition of Strategic Innovation Initiatives (IIS). As with any new initiative, stakeholders require sufficient time to identify complementarities and specificities, which are crucial for establishing fruitful collaborations and ensuring the long-term success of these partnerships. In recent years, the Walloon government has taken steps to simplify and enhance the clarity of RDI support instruments and to reform the Walloon innovation support system. These efforts should be sustained to ensure continuous improvement and effectiveness in our approach to innovation support. |
| Belgium - Wallonia-Brussels Federation | The Scientific Research Directorate of the Wallonia-Brussels Federation is working to rationalise its links with the Wallonia Region to enhance efficiency and optimise the effectiveness of its support in setting up European projects. Furthermore, the FWB government is keen to improve assistance in setting up European projects and to enhance synergies between European and national funding schemes. Additionally, the FWB played a significant role as a partner in organising the conference, #StrongerTogether: SSAH and the future of evidence-informed policymaking. This event was part of the Belgian Presidency of the European Union in 2024. A conference brief outlining the main conclusions has been published, which underscores the importance of collaborative efforts in enhancing the impact of research on policy development. A primary issue in the ongoing governance debates is the aspiration to harmonise the legal framework governing research careers. Additionally, there is an aim to create greater coherence between various research funding schemes. In response to these concerns, a decree was passed in 2024, with some minor revisions following in 2025. The FWB government also intends to allow the most internationally competitive professors and researchers, who wish to do so, to be relieved from a majority of their teaching load to focus more on research. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to promote STEAM sectors and trades. To this end, the government will collaborate with the governments of other entities to establish a real strategy under the coordination of a platform that brings together various stakeholders and players concerned. |
| Brazil | According to Decree No. 11,493 of April 17, 2023, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation in Brazil is tasked with several key responsibilities. These include the development of national science, technology, and innovation policies; planning, coordination, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation of related activities; and the formulation of digital transformation and automation development policies. Additionally, the Ministry oversees national biosafety, space, and nuclear policies, and controls the export of sensitive goods and services. It also coordinates with state, district, and municipal governments, as well as with federal agencies and society, to establish guidelines for these policies. Since the establishment of the original Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) in 1985, Brazil has developed strategies and action plans based on documents from national conferences, the first of which coincided with the year the MCT was founded. In 2024, the Ministry, now known as the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), hosted the 5th National Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation. The conference aimed to review the programmes and plans from the National Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation (ENCTI) for the period 2016-2023. Its goal was to propose recommendations for the next strategy phase, ENCTI 2024-2030, and to plan long-term actions. National Conferences have been instrumental in shaping and advancing the National System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SNCTI). These conferences have consistently addressed critical themes, adapting to both national and international changes, and have promoted the integration of science, technology, and innovation as vital tools for sustainable growth and social inclusion. The active involvement of civil society institutions has been vital in ensuring these conferences are broad and participatory, leading to the development of inclusive public policies that meet societal needs. For more detailed information, please refer to the "Violet Book" published by the MCTI. |
| Bulgaria | In the spring of 2024, the 51st National Assembly of Bulgaria adopted the new Law on the Promotion of Research and Innovation, establishing a clear and effective legal framework for the development of the scientific and innovation ecosystem. This law defines key stakeholders, regulates the management of intellectual property, and encourages the transfer of knowledge and technology between universities, research organisations, and businesses. Additionally, it provides for the establishment of an Innovation Council as a permanent advisory body to the Minister of Education and Science and the Minister of Innovation and Growth. The law introduces policies and instruments for strategic and operational planning, along with mechanisms for coordination and funding aimed at increasing the efficiency of public funding, boosting private sector involvement, and fostering an entrepreneurial culture within the research community. Since the law's adoption, numerous secondary legislative acts have been developed or updated. For example, the public consultation on the new Rules of Procedure of the National Science Fund concluded at the end of last year, resulting in 74 comments, some of which were reflected in the final text. After coordination with all ministries, these Rules will be approved by the Council of Ministers and entered into force. In late 2024, the Bulgarian Center for Science, Technology and Development in Brussels officially joined the prestigious Informal Group of RTD Liaison Offices (IGLO), marking a significant achievement for Bulgaria by expanding opportunities for interaction with European institutions and other member states on key research and innovation issues. Moreover, the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Innovation and Growth recently held a meeting with science and innovation coordinators from each sectoral ministry, where the experts expressed their readiness for cooperation. Under the new law, the National Innovation Fund is to be restructured as a secondary budget administrator under the Minister of Innovation and Growth. Furthermore, a Rules of Procedure for the Innovation Board will be developed, which will include representatives from academia, business, and technology transfer experts. |
| Canada | Canadian research significantly contributes to scientific breakthroughs, advancing innovation and positioning Canada as a global leader. Since 2016, the government has invested over CAD $119 million in this area. Key ongoing debates in science, technology, and innovation (STI) governance include the effective coordination among STI policy actors, strategic regulation of emerging technologies, and ensuring the security and sustainability of the research enterprise, both from an environmental and financial perspective. Canada’s federal STI portfolio is overseen by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED), with a mandate to support science, research, and the integration of scientific considerations into investment and policy choices. Research funding is mainly provided by Canada’s three federal granting councils, while the National Research Council (NRC) focuses on applied R&D (research and development) and industry support. Canada’s Chief Science Advisor offers independent scientific policy advice to the Prime Minister and cabinet decision-makers more broadly. In 2023, the external Advisory Panel on the Federal Research Support System noted significant fragmentation and a lack of common strategic direction across the system. It recommended changes to the structure and governance of the research support system to enhance coordination and support interdisciplinary, international, and mission-oriented approaches. These are necessary to tackle complex societal challenges and seize emerging opportunities. Subsequently, Budget 2024 announced the government's intent to establish a new capstone research funding organization to provide better coordination across the federally funded research ecosystem. Additionally, the creation of an advisory Council on Science and Innovation was announced, which will involve leaders from the academic, industry, and not-for-profit sectors to develop a national science and innovation strategy. The topic of cross-jurisdictional ST&I governance remains a critical discussion across federal, provincial, and territorial governments. It is essential to foster meaningful partnerships with industry while protecting and respecting intellectual property and research security. For instance, the Canadian Minerals and Metals Plan, announced in 2019, has been pivotal in cross-jurisdictional and multi-stakeholder collaboration in the minerals and metals sector. The Government of Canada’s sustained investment in emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), has made the country a growing hub for innovation. Over the past decade, investments totaling over CAD $4.5 billion have supported AI and digital research and innovation, leading to Canada being at the forefront of the AI wave. However, as AI continues to evolve, there are pressing concerns around ethics, privacy, job displacement, and potential misuse of AI technologies. In response, Budget 2024 introduced the Canadian AI Sovereign Compute Strategy, which supports the AI Compute Challenge, the AI Compute Access Fund, and the AI Compute Infrastructure Program. These initiatives aim to support cutting-edge research and commercialization, coordinated with comprehensive governance and regulatory safeguards. The Canadian Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute (CAISI), launched in 2024, aims to bolster national capacity to address AI safety risks, further positioning Canada as a leader in the safe and responsible development and adoption of AI technologies. CAISI will leverage Canada’s strong AI research community and in-house expertise to conduct leading-edge research in collaboration with industry and the International Network of AI Safety Institutes. In an increasingly fragmented geopolitical environment, protecting Canadian knowledge and research is critical for Canada’s future economic prosperity, resilience, and national security. The Government of Canada has implemented measures to protect cutting-edge Canadian research, development, data, and technology from being targeted by foreign state actors. These measures support a robust research security culture, academic freedom, scientific openness, transparency, trust, and reciprocity, balancing stakeholder perspectives to ensure research remains “as open as possible and as secure as necessary.” The National Security Guidelines for Research Partnerships (NSGRP), developed in 2021, incorporate national security considerations into the development, evaluation, and funding of research partnerships. Additionally, the Policy on Sensitive Technology Research and Affiliations of Concern (STRAC Policy), enacted in January 2024, stipulates that applications advancing sensitive technology research areas will not be funded if any researchers involved are affiliated with entities that could pose a risk to Canada’s national security. |
| Chile | In alignment with the new development model promoted by the Chilean Government, which focuses on productive diversification, socio-ecological sustainability, and effective decentralization of growth, there is a consolidated effort to strengthen public investment in Science, Technology, Knowledge, and Innovation (STKI). This effort is recognised as a strategic pillar for the country's productive transformation. The recent establishment of the Productivity and Development Fund, financed through revenues from lithium exploitation, marks a significant step towards creating a higher economic value with territorial justice. However, structural challenges remain, particularly the need for a sustained increase in the gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP (0.39% to the year 2022). This persistent gap limits Chile's capacity to address ongoing global transitions. The Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge, and Innovation (MinCiencia) acknowledges the development of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnologies. These technologies not only offer an opportunity to enhance national productivity but are also crucial in tackling significant challenges like the climate emergency, disaster resilience, and improving the quality of life. Addressing these issues requires a policy approach that integrates technological infrastructure, enabling regulatory frameworks, and the training of human capital, focusing on rights, equity, and territorial relevance. The Government's strategy centers on mission-driven STKI as a core element of public action, aimed at an economic model that protects ecosystems, reduces structural, gender and territorial inequalities, and builds technological sovereignty. In this context, MinCiencia has increased its contributions to the Just Socio-Ecological Transition Agenda and the Gender Equality Agenda, ensuring that policy decisions align with public values and intergenerational justice. The role of the Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation Advisory Council is important to ensure the consistency and alignment of the different agendas of the MinCiencia and ANID with the needs of sectoral public policy. A key component of this strategy is the promotion of Science-and Technology-Based Enterprises (STBEs). These enterprises not only generate quality employment and positive externalities in their environments but also act as concrete vehicles for transferring knowledge to strategic productive sectors. Their development is led by the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) and supported through programmes aimed at accelerating their creation, consolidation, and expansion, with a focus on relevant technological solutions to national challenges. Similarly, the role of accredited public and private universities as hubs for scientific, technological, and territorial innovation is fundamental for a just and sustainable productive transformation. The State is reinforcing its commitment to these institutions through policies that seek to consolidate capacities in Research, Development, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship (R&D&I&E), with particular emphasis on those that respond to local needs, diversify the national productive matrix, and promote high-impact entrepreneurship. This renewed momentum for STKI is embedded in a national vision that places the economy at the service of people and territories. It recognises knowledge not as a luxury, but as an essential tool to build a more just, inclusive, and sustainable future for Chile. In addition to the national STI policy, Chile is developing other strategic policies. These include the artificial intelligence (AI) strategy, the CTCI gender policy, the green hydrogen strategy, and a roadmap for transitioning to a circular economy. These policies collectively aim to guide the country's scientific advancements comprehensively. |
| China | The Chinese government places high importance on the governance of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy, viewing its enhancement as a vital element in the modernisation of the national governance system and capacity. This is particularly pertinent as China's STI strength grows and the technological revolution continues to develop deeply. However, several issues impede STI progress in China, including the low efficiency in the allocation of Science and Technology (S&T) resources, insufficient collaboration among innovation entities, and technology evaluation mechanisms that do not support the growth of technology talent. Additionally, the governance of emerging technology struggles to keep pace with the rapid development of new technologies. To address these challenges, the Chinese government has been deepening the reform of the S&T system with the aim of boosting the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the STI system. Proposed measures include strengthening the capacity of STI entities, reforming the S&T programme management system, revising the S&T evaluation system, and enhancing institutional openness to international involvement. This involves amending significant laws such as the Science and Technology Progress Law, the Law on Promoting the Transfer of S&T Achievements, and the Science Popularization Law. Furthermore, comprehensive five-year S&T development plans are formulated, which put forward policy measure for reforming and enhancing STI governance during a five-year period. In 2023, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) underwent restructuring to further enhance its role in coordinating STI activities. A major change is that MOST is no longer responsible for implementing S&T programs which are transferred to be managed by line ministries such Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), and so on. |
| Costa Rica | In Costa Rica, Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) governance efforts focus on aligning STI with national strategic goals such as sustainability and digital transformation. This agenda is mainly driven by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT), in coordination with sectoral ministries such as the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and the Ministry of Public Education (MEP), which advocate for mission-oriented policies addressing climate and social challenges. In contrast, universities emphasize academic autonomy and favor curiosity-driven research, while business associations promote a market-led approach centered on competitiveness and productivity. These differing perspectives reflect an ongoing debate on the appropriate balance between policy directionality and institutional independence. A central issue in current STI policy discussions is the degree of directionality in public support mechanisms. Stakeholders such as MICITT and sectoral ministries increasingly promote mission-oriented approaches aligned with national priorities like climate action and social inclusion, while academic institutions and business chambers highlight the importance of academic autonomy and market-driven innovation. These complementary visions are informing the development of a balanced policy mix. In this context, efforts are advancing to strengthen inter-ministerial coordination through formal mechanisms, building on recent experiences of cross-sectoral collaboration under national strategies such as the National Science, Technology and Innovation Plan and the National AI Strategy. Although these processes are still evolving, they reflect a shared commitment to more integrated and strategic STI governance. Furthermore, institutional coordination poses significant challenges. There are ongoing discussions about how to strengthen interministerial governance and clarify the roles of various advisory bodies. Improving the articulation between national, regional, and international STI strategies and actors is also a key area of focus. These efforts are essential for creating a cohesive and effective governance framework that can support Costa Rica's strategic objectives. |
| Croatia | When discussing STI policy governance, it is essential to recognize the lessons learned from previous financial periods, which highlighted the need to enhance communication, cooperation, and coordination among all entities involved in research, development, and innovation (RDI). This led to the implementation of an entrepreneurial discovery process (EDP), a bottom-up approach used to create the Croatian Smart Specialization Strategy (S3) for 2029. The National Innovation Council (NIC), a top governance body of the national innovation system and a horizontal STI coordination body, was re-established for the governance of S3 2029. The NIC includes members from various ministries, such as Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Science, Education and Youth, Ministry of Regional Development and EU Funds, Ministry of Labour, Pension System, Family and Social Policy, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Forestry, Agriculture and Fishery, Ministry of Justice, Public Administration and Digital Transformation and representatives from thematic innovation councils (TICs) and main implementing bodies for STI policies, such as the Croatian Science Foundation (CSF) and the Croatian Agency for SMEs, Innovation, and Investments (HAMAG-BICRO). The role of the NIC in coordinating overall research and innovation policies has been strengthened in the S3 until 2029 compared to the previous period. The NIC is responsible for informing, discussing, and making decisions and recommendations for institutions in the national innovation system regarding actions within their domains in relation to S3 and its policy instruments, broader research and innovation policies, and their interaction with other policy spheres. A mechanism for joint policy-making has been adopted to ensure that the conclusions of the TICs are reflected in the decision-making process. Furthermore, Croatia is in the process of establishing 7 Thematic Innovation Councils (TICs) that reflect the seven thematic priority areas identified in the S3 until 2029 and bring together business representatives, research community, and public administration representatives in certain thematic areas of investment. The TICs function as working bodies for operational support to the work of the National Innovation Council and they will continue the activities initiated by the EDP In order to increase the efficiency of investment in research, development, and innovation, a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework was designed for the purpose of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) implementation and continues to be used for ERDF implementation as well. This framework includes the development of theories of change and results frameworks that illustrate the logic, objectives, and assumptions for each program, along with a set of indicators to track program outputs, outcomes, and long-term impact. Surveys are conducted with applicants at the beginning and after the implementation of projects to track relevant data on implementation progress, collect data in a viable and efficient manner, and use this data to assess program results and impact and to introduce evidence-based adjustments. |
| Cyprus | The Research and Innovation (R&I) governance system, established in October 2018, aims to integrate and effectively govern the design and implementation of the National R&I Strategy along with other related policies. Its primary objective is to position R&I as a pivotal force for economic growth, competitiveness, and social prosperity. The Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy (DMRID), set up in March 2020, serves as the competent government authority responsible for promoting scientific excellence, nurturing creativity and entrepreneurship, and facilitating the innovation and commercialization of research results. Additionally, it supports the extroversion and international cooperation of the national R&I ecosystem and accelerates the digital transformation, encompassing governance, infrastructure, skills, and enterprises. Within the DMRID, the Directorate for R&I is tasked with designing, promoting, and monitoring the implementation of the National R&I Strategy and relevant policy measures. It also supervises and supports the operations of the national R&I governance system, provides guidance and supervision to the Research and Innovation Foundation (RIF), represents Cyprus in the European Union, and designs and promotes bilateral and multilateral science and technology cooperation agreements. The National Board for R&I (NBRI) serves as the principal advisory body for the development, implementation, and monitoring of the National R&I Strategy. The Chief Scientist plays a coordinating role at the R&I policy level within the national framework. He is also a member of the NBRI, the chair of the Governing Board of the RIF, and the chair of the Ministries R&I Coordinators Committee. The RIF acts as the government’s executive arm for R&I, focusing on the development of national R&I programs and providing support services for the participation of Cypriot entities in EU R&I Funding Programs. |
| Czechia | The governance structure of Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) in the Czech Republic is organised into three levels: strategic, financial, and implementation. The strategic level determines the direction and priorities of the national innovation system. The financial level involves organisations in financing RDI activities at both national and regional levels. The implementation level includes all organisations that carry out RDI activities. However, there are signs of fragmentation and a lack of coordination between individual ministries within the Czech RDI management system. Notably, innovation does not fall within the portfolio of the Ministry of Industry and Trade or the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. This gap is currently bridged by the Minister for Science, Research and Innovation, who chairs the Council for Research, Development and Innovation and is supported by the expert administration of the Science, Research and Innovation Section of the Government Office. The Council plays a crucial advisory role but lacks the executive power to implement necessary reforms and measures at an operational level. From 2024, a significant reform is planned as a step towards building a better knowledge economy. This reform began with the drafting of a new law aimed at clarifying roles, mandates, and objectives in knowledge transfer, and introducing specific measures to enhance the utilisation of scientific and research knowledge. The primary goal is to support the economy and thereby enhance global competitiveness. The reform seeks to change the mind-set of the entire system, addressing not only organisational and technical obstacles but also cultural habits. The legislative process to adopt the Research, Development, Innovation, and Knowledge Transfer Act is currently underway. This new law, intended to replace Act No. 130/2002 Coll. on the Support of Research, Experimental Development, and Innovation from Public Funds, aims to simplify and streamline the management of research and development, reduce administrative burdens, optimise resource utilisation, and enhance the country's capabilities. The current government intends to complete this legislative process by October 2025, coinciding with the next elections to the Chamber of Deputies. The initiative for drafting and adopting the new law was initiated by the Minister of Science, Research, and Innovation. |
| Denmark | In Denmark, the policy for science, technology, and innovation (STI) is primarily overseen by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The Ministry of Industry, Business, and Financial Affairs also contributes, particularly concerning entrepreneurship and innovation policy. Additionally, sector-specific ministries play a role in shaping STI policy within their respective areas, including environment, energy, and health. Annually, as part of the budget process, the Danish Parliament negotiates the allocation of a significant portion of the national public spending on STI policy initiatives for the coming year through the so-called "Danish Research Reserve". This negotiation is a yearly event and is broadly welcomed as an opportunity to discuss and adjust Danish STI policy in Parliament. There is generally a broad consensus around the Danish STI policy, with only a few disagreements and differing priorities. In 2019, the Danish Parliament passed the Act on Climate with a broad majority, setting an ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. This emphasis on climate change has significantly influenced Danish STI policy priorities in recent years. Furthermore, the Danish STI policy has adapted to the new geopolitical reality, marked by war in Europe and a global race to develop critical new technologies. In response, the government and parliament have increased their focus on research in security and critical digital technologies such as quantum technology, AI, and biotechnologies. There is also heightened awareness and measures concerning research security at Danish universities and public research foundations. |
| Egypt | In Egypt, discussions on STI policy governance reflect a dynamic interplay between the country's strategic development objectives and the evolving roles of public and private sector actors. A key issue is aligning STI governance with Egypt's Vision 2030, particularly in promoting socioeconomic resilience through innovation-led growth. Policymakers and experts are working to find the optimal balance between centralized planning—led by entities such as the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and more decentralized and inclusive innovation ecosystems that actively engage universities, startups, and civil society and focus on national priorities (such as water scarcity, energy transition, and food security). Furthermore, more market-oriented models that emphasize entrepreneurial freedom, global competitiveness, and private investment in research and development (R&D) are also being explored. Efforts are also directed toward enhancing local flexibility in implementation by enabling regions, research centers, and universities to launch innovative initiatives that respond to their specific development needs. Recent years have witnessed a significant expansion in the participation of the private sector and civil society in decision-making processes, reflecting a positive shift toward participatory governance based on transparency, accountability, and reliance on scientific evidence.The discussion also includes a shift toward achieving a balance between central strategic guidance and flexible implementation at the local level, with some actors calling for expanding the powers of regions, research centers, and universities to lead innovation initiatives tailored to their development needs. Recent years have seen increased interest in involving the private sector and civil society in decision-making processes, as part of a new trend toward participatory governance based on transparency, accountability, and scientific evidence. These discussions reflect a positive shift toward building a more inclusive and effective governance system capable of supporting innovation as a key driver of economic and social development in Egypt. |
| Estonia | In 2025, STI policy governance debates in Estonia are significantly influenced by changes in the national security and public finance landscapes. Despite a bipartisan commitment to maintain public R&D funding at 1% of GDP, substantial budget cuts in 2024 and 2025 have resulted in public investment falling below this threshold. However, there is a political consensus to restore the 1% target by 2026, even with increasing defence expenditures. The rapidly evolving security environment has also led to discussions about revising Estonia’s strategic research priorities, with suggestions to include the development of the defence industry, particularly in deep-tech and dual-use technologies, as a new national focus area. In light of the geopolitical situation in Estonia and the government's investment of 5% of GDP into defence, there are debates about fostering innovation in dual-use technology and military-only technology development. This shift is driven by the need to enhance national security and leverage technological advancements for both civilian and military applications. A significant development in this area is the formation of the Estonian Defence Fund, a €100 million fund designed to support the development of innovative defence and security capabilities. Additionally, Estonia has taken a leading role in NATO's Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA), which aims to accelerate the development of dual-use technologies across the Alliance. This information was provided by national sources and is not yet available in OECD databases as of July 2025. |
| European Union | The current EU Framework Programme for research and innovation, Horizon Europe, spans from 2021 to 2027. It encompasses several key components including the European Innovation Council (EIC), which serves as a one-stop shop for innovation, helping to transition promising ideas from the laboratory to real-world application and supporting innovative start-ups and companies to scale up. The programme also features six clusters for cross-disciplinary and collaborative research and innovation, covering areas such as Health, Culture, Creativity, and Inclusive Society, Civil Security for Society, Digital, Industry and Space, Climate, Energy and Mobility, and Food, Bioeconomy, Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Environment. Additionally, Horizon Europe includes the European Research Council (ERC) which targets frontier research, the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) that nurture excellence through researchers’ mobility, Research Infrastructure actions, and EU-wide missions with ambitious goals in five critical areas. These areas are adaptation to climate change, cancer, healthy oceans, seas, coastal and inland waters, climate-neutral and smart cities, and soil health and food. The programme also supports European partnerships, both public-public and public-private, in sectors like clean hydrogen, clean aviation, and high-performance computing. The governance of Horizon Europe is characterised by an inclusive approach, involving a co-creation process that engages all relevant services to ensure coherent implementation of research and innovation funding aligned with the Union’s priorities. This process spans the entire cycle from agenda setting and conceptualisation to strategic plan preparation, work programme development, and result exploitation. It also includes a co-design process involving early Member State involvement, extensive exchanges with the European Parliament, and broad consultations with stakeholders and the public. In 2020, the European Commission outlined the initial strategic priorities for Horizon Europe in a strategic plan, which guided investments in research and innovation across the EU. Reflecting shifts in the political landscape, a revised strategic plan for 2025–2027 was adopted in 2024, aligning with the priorities of the new von der Leyen Commission. This updated plan emphasises major challenges such as the green transition, digital transformation, and enhancing Europe's competitiveness and resilience. It also highlights the goal of increasing and better coordinating public and private R&D investments to achieve a target of investing 3% of GDP in research and innovation, a priority underscored in the Draghi report on the future of European competitiveness and the Competitiveness Compass. Moreover, the EU is committed to creating a favourable environment for start-ups, scale-ups, and innovative SMEs. A dedicated Commission Start-up Taskforce is leading efforts to help these companies overcome financial and regulatory hurdles and scale effectively within the European market. In line with strategic reorientation, the Commission has also pledged to simplify the Horizon Europe work programmes to ensure equitable access to funding. Measures already implemented include a shorter general introduction, more concise topic descriptions, streamlined application requirements, an increased use of lump sum grants, and a two-stage evaluation process to reduce administrative burdens. These simplification efforts will continue in the preparation of the 2026–2027 work programme. The Global Approach to research and innovation is another strategic focus, promoting EU openness in international cooperation while ensuring a level playing field and reciprocity. This strategy is being implemented in coordination with EU Member States through the ERA Forum Standing Sub-Group on the Global Approach to R&I cooperation, using a Team Europe approach to maximise the effectiveness and impact of actions. Since 2021, the governance of the European Research Area (ERA) has seen significant revisions. The European Council adopted a Council Recommendation on a Pact for Research and Innovation in Europe and approved conclusions on the future governance of the ERA, following a proposal by the Commission. The ERA has been implemented through joint actions of the ERA Policy Agenda 2022-24, coordinated by the newly established ERA Forum. This forum ensures close cooperation and ownership of actions among the Commission, Member States, Horizon Europe associated countries, and stakeholders. Additionally, the European Research Area and Innovation Committee (ERAC) provides strategic policy advice on R&I issues and initiates updates to the ERA Policy Agenda. The European Innovation Council Forum (EIC Forum), launched under Pillar III of Horizon Europe, facilitates coordination of innovation policies among the Union and Member States. It brings together representatives from public authorities and bodies responsible for innovation policy and programmes, serving as a platform for discussing and testing new ideas and proposals. The Forum, which meets several times a year, is supported by working groups focusing on various technical issues related to innovation. Each year, the EIC Forum publishes its Policy Orientations, reflecting the outcomes and recommendations from the year's discussions, and provides input to key innovation policy initiatives, such as the Start-up and Scale-up Strategy in 2025. |
| Finland | One of the central governance debates in Finland's science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy is the ambitious goal to increase R&D investments to 4% of GDP by 2030. This target was set following a broad political consensus in the Parliamentary RDI working group in 2021, leading to the enactment of the Act on Government R&D Funding. This legislation mandates that government R&D funding should reach 1.2% of GDP by 2030, with the expectation that the private sector will contribute the remaining increase. In response to this legislative framework, a new tax incentive for businesses was introduced in 2023 to stimulate private sector investment in R&D. To provide strategic guidance, the Research and Innovation Council, chaired by the Prime Minister, was reformed in 2023. The Council now plays a pivotal role in the national R&I policy, particularly in implementing and monitoring the government's multiannual R&D funding plan and initiating national strategic choices and the allocation of R&D funding. Concurrently, a Parliamentary R&D monitoring group, comprising representatives from all political parties, oversees the implementation of the multiannual R&D funding plan and monitors the outcomes of the 2021–2023 parliamentary RDI processes. Based on the Act on Government R&D Funding, the Government adopts a multiannual plan for R&D funding in each parliamentary period, which outlines the funding priorities. The plan adopted in 2024 focuses on six priorities: increasing cooperation between R&D actors, promoting ambitious R&D activities in businesses, strengthening competence, improving research and technology infrastructure, deepening EU and other international cooperation, and making strategic choices. Current debates are centred on how to achieve the 4% GDP target in a way that leverages sustainable growth, increases productivity and wellbeing, strengthens competences, and fosters societal renewal. Key issues under discussion include ensuring policy continuity across electoral terms, the effectiveness and balance of direct and indirect incentives, comprehensive development of the RDI system, allocation of R&D funding between the public and private sectors, the role of the state in mobilising private investment, and the availability of skilled R&D experts. Regarding emerging technologies, government has made investments in quantum technologies, artificial intelligence, and high-performance computing. These include the EuroHPC LUMI AI Factory (a high-performance computer and services for, among other things, competence development) hosted by CSC IT Centre for Science, and quantum technology infrastructure hosted by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, as well as support for the establishment of the ELLIS institute in Finnish universities. Universities also host AI and quantum flagship programmes. These capabilities enable Finland to compete with the global leading countries in AI and quantum technology development. |
| France | France is currently reviewing its Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) instrument policies, including the France 2030 Programme "Investissements d'avenir" (PIA n° 4) and the Research Programming Law. These policies are either at their mid-term or approaching their conclusion within a two-year period. This review may lead to modifications in the current governance structures, although no decisions have been finalised yet. The France 2030 Programme, a pivotal STI policy initiative, was recently discussed at the Comité interministériel de l’innovation (C2I - Interministerial Innovation Committee) meeting in the first quarter of 2025. The meeting was instrumental in reaffirming the programme's ambitious goals: the sustainable transformation of key sectors in the French economy such as energy, automotive, health, and aeronautics. The focus is on fostering technological and industrial innovation to enhance national sovereignty and effectively address major contemporary societal challenges, including ecological, demographic, economic, industrial, geopolitical, and social issues. The objective of the France 2030 Programme is twofold: firstly, to catch up with the most advanced countries in a number of strategic sectors, and secondly, to pave the way for the emergence of new industries. The plan focuses on a limited number of sectoral objectives related to industrial production, with a major emphasis on energy transition, well-being (including health and food), and new frontiers such as space and the seabed. It also concentrates on key enablers needed to achieve these objectives, including access to strategic raw materials and components, human capital, sovereign digital technologies, and the ecosystems of higher education, research, and startups. This plan places a strong emphasis on emerging actors, particularly small companies with significant potential impact. |
| Georgia | Debates are currently underway at the Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Georgia (MoESY)concerning the methodologies and approaches for creating a new model of public-private partnership. This model is designed to accelerate the commercialization of research results. To further promote the popularization of technologies and innovations in the industrial sector, long-term, results-oriented research programmes will be developed. The Government is also looking to introduce a new model for evaluating the quality of scientific research and for managing and funding research units. Discussions are focusing on the forms of implementing mechanisms and the potential challenges that may arise. Research-driven debates are in progress aimed at reforming higher education in Georgia. According to the planned reform, significant changes should be implemented by 2028. Based on the reform concept, it will be possible to improve the quality of higher education in the country and create a system under which students will be able to receive European-quality higher education in Georgia. Various studies have led to the development of the High Education Reform concept, which seeks to reform the higher education system to ensure knowledge-oriented economic strengthening and compatibility with global educational standards. The concept addresses both national and state-wise needs, incorporating best international practices. It targets reforms to develop the quality of higher education, enabling the obtainment of a high standard modern education in Georgia. Identified solutions to the main challenges in higher education include the development of university infrastructure and educational resources, reform of the funding of higher education, and support for qualified academic and scientific personnel. Georgia’s Innovation and Technology Agency (GITA), operating under the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia (MoESD), is the key state entity driving the country’s innovation and technology ecosystem. In the context of STI governance, GITA acts as the main executive and policy contributor to advance Georgia's innovation and technology ecosystem. GITA’s programs, grants and initiatives does not specifically focus on basic/ fundamental research. It fosters startup growth and accelerates Georgia’s innovation transformation through strategic partnerships, funding opportunities, and cutting-edge solutions. This enhances competitiveness, strengthens infrastructure, and contributes to sustainable economic development. As part of the GITA 2.0 vision, the Agency plans to focus on artificial intelligence, bacteriophages, and the agritech sector in the coming years. To enhance Georgia’s global competitiveness and its STI potential, the country has identified 3 focus areas on national level: • Artificial Intelligence: Georgia is prioritizing the development and integration of AI solutions to drive digital transformation • Bacteriophage research: Building on nearly a century of scientific expertise, Georgia is positioning itself as a global leader in bacteriophage research and innovation, responding to the demand for alternatives to antibiotics. • Agri Tech: Advancing agricultural technologies remains a national priority to enhance sustainability, productivity and food security. Through innovation and digitalization, Georgia seeks to modernize its agricultural sector and contribute to global efforts. GITA will also intensify its development of the “Start Up in Georgia” digital platform, which will evolve into a comprehensive resource hub integrating essential information about ecosystem stakeholders, startup support programmes, tax incentives, and market opportunities. This platform will deliver value-added services that directly support entrepreneurial growth and innovation. According the Law of Georgia on Science, Technology and their Development, financial support of the development of science and technology includes the targeted use of state budget funds and various non-budgetary sources of financing. Scientific research shall be financed under a grant system from State Budgetary allocations together with the budgetary (basic) financing of the institution. Based on an expert's appraisal, scientific research may also be financed within the State Budgetary allocations by an appropriate state authority under the contractual terms and on the basis of the competition. Scientists, temporary scientific groups, institutions, and other organizational units and persons have equal rights to participate in the competition. As the Law stipulates, for financing scientific research from State Budgetary allocations under the grant system and on the basis of competition, the Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Georgia shall establish the legal entity under public law (LEPL) Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation and other legal entities under public law science funds ('science fund') in coordination with the Prime Minister of Georgia. The Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG) is an agency under MoESY, which supports the development of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) system in Georgia. The strategic vision of the foundation conforms with the „Vision 2030 – Development Strategy of Georgia”. The mission of SRNSFG is to promote Georgia’s integration into the international STI system, and significantly contribute to rapid socio-economic development and welfare of the country. SRNSFG implements state grant calls, targeted programmes and projects, is involved in international scientific networks and joint projects, facilitates science internationalization in Georgia and researchers’ involvement in international scientific networks by promoting the bilateral and multilateral programmes in cooperation with the national science foundations and centers of the EU and leading Asian countries. Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation administrates State Scientific Grants for Applied Research. |
| Germany | The German Federal Government, elected in 2025, decided to further bundle federal research, innovation and technology policy and funding with aerospace activities under the umbrella of the Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (BMFTR). Through its STI policy, it will support research across the entire spectrum: from fundamental to applied research, including innovation and transfer to application – or as the new Minster says: “From lab to life”. Additionally, the Federal Government will exploit the innovative potential of space and make the resulting technologies accessible to the general public. To achieve this, the Federal Government wants to reduce bureaucracy, rethink funding processes and leverage research data. Together with the Länder, the Federal Government will launch a “Hightech-Agenda” for Germany, which continues the mission-oriented approach to R&I policies for addressing societal challenges of the former German R&I strategies. The Agenda will pursue a technology-neutral approach based on clear goals and milestones, which involves universities, research institutions, the industry, and start-ups. Besides project-based funding, it will comprise public procurement measures as well. Key technology areas of the “Hightech-Agenda” will include: artificial intelligence (AI), quantum technologies, microelectronics, biotechnology, fusion technology, climate-neutral energy technologies, and climate-neutral mobility technologies. The Agenda will also address specific strategic research fields (see 2.1) and will be partly financed through the Special Fund for Infrastructure and Climate Neutrality. Further specific actions are planned: the adoption of the Regulatory Sandboxes Act, further strengthening of the Federal Agency for Disruptive Innovation (SPRIND), and the creation of an umbrella initiative called “Initiative Forschung & Anwendung”, which will combine existing funding programmes for SMEs, industrial research organizations and universities of applied sciences. In order to foster innovation ecosystems, new hub structures will be created to connect research infrastructures and research activities, regardless of their location or the stakeholders involved. Moreover, social innovations and the support of innovations in structurally weak regions continue to be priorities for German STI policies. Furthermore, digital technologies are facilitated through coordinated strategies, strong infrastructure investments and digital skills development activities. Key initiatives include the Artificial Intelligence Strategy, the Scientific Framework Programme For IT Security "DIGITAL. SECURE. SOVEREIGN.", the 6G Research Initiative, the National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) and the MINT (STEM) Action Plan 2.0. International science and innovation driven cooperation in STI at bilateral, European and multilateral level remains a key priority for Germany. International cooperation is also crucial to maintaining Germany's competitiveness. Thus, Germany continues to engage in the European Research Area (ERA) and foster cooperation with European partners along the guidelines of strengthening an innovative Europe, enabling research excellence in Europe and promoting a free Europe. Germany’s science diplomacy works globally to safeguard the freedom of science and research. Driven by such core values, the Federal Government will actively continue to participate in STI fora of the United Nations and of the OECD as well as of other multilateral bodies, such as the G20 and G7. Moreover, the BMFTR promotes Germany's image as an attractive partner for international STI collaboration and supports international researchers from around the world who wish to come to Germany. To this end, the Federal Government intends to launch an initiative called “1 000-Köpfe-plus-Programm”, dedicated to attract international talent. |
| Greece | The General Secretariat for Research and Innovation (GSRI) serves as the principal authority in Greece for the design and management of policies related to Research, Technological Development, and Innovation (RTDI). It oversees 11 public research centers and 3 technological organizations in Greece. Universities, however, are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs. The GSRI was transferred from the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs to the Ministry of Development following the general elections in July 2019, as mandated by Presidential Decree 81/2019. Additionally, the GSRI collaborates closely with the Hellenic Foundation of Research and Innovation (HFRI), a non-profit public body established in 2016. HFRI aims to promote research and innovation as part of the national strategy, supporting unrestricted research activities and technological applications driven by scientific curiosity and the country’s scientific potential. This includes PhD candidates, postdoctoral researchers, and faculty members/researchers. The foundation focuses on preventing the outflow of Greek scientists abroad by prioritizing scientific quality and excellence without thematic or geographical limitations. HFRI is supervised by the Ministry of Development and receives administrative support from GSRI, which primarily supports applied and industry-oriented research. A significant ongoing debate, initiated by the National Council for Research, Technology, and Innovation (ESETEK), concerns a proposal to create a new Ministry dedicated to Research and Innovation. This new ministry would incorporate the GSRI and aim to establish an Integrated Research and Education Area in Greece, providing unified administration for the country's research organisations, including universities and public research centres currently under GSRI's aegis and beyond. Furthermore, under Law 4310/2014, as currently modified and enforced, the GSRI is tasked with formulating and implementing the National Strategy for Research, Technological Development, and Innovation (NSRI) for the 2021-2030 period. A draft NSRI has been prepared and is set to undergo consultation. Following this, the strategy will be finalized and presented to Parliament for adoption and ratification. In the broader European context, Greece is actively participating in the European Research Area (ERA). Discussions have been held regarding the implementation of the ERA Policy Agenda in Greece, along with Greece's involvement in various ERA policy actions. Topics of particular interest include the new European Innovation Agenda, synergies between Horizon Europe and the Structural Funds, and European Missions and Partnerships. |
| Hungary | The Hungarian Government approved the National Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Strategy 2021-2030 in June 2021, which aligns with international trends and challenges. This strategy promotes knowledge flows, enhances cooperative RDI programs, creates collaborative networks with stakeholders of the Quadruple Helix model, and supports intellectual property protection activities. It focuses on three main objectives: enhancing knowledge production by expanding and modernizing RDI institutional capacities, improving the innovation performance of domestic enterprises, particularly SMEs, and strengthening cooperation among R&D and innovation system actors. Additionally, it emphasizes fostering openness to innovation, creative thinking, and value creation. In recent years, RDI expenditures in Hungary have dynamically increased, both in absolute terms and relative to GDP. Hungary currently ranks 21st on the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS), with an ambitious goal to be among Europe’s top 10 innovators by 2030. To achieve this, the government aims to increase R&D expenditure to 3% of GDP by 2030. The Ministry of Culture and Innovation has been pivotal in creating an effective innovation ecosystem. Its main goals include providing an environment that encourages performance and appropriate funding for research at universities and within the Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), developing a research career model to increase prestige and strengthen doctoral training, and attracting top researchers to Hungary to establish new centers of excellence. The John von Neumann Programme, launched in June 2023, focuses on strengthening the knowledge-based economy by developing existing institutions and implementing new programs, with a strong emphasis on linking universities and the economy. The John von Neumann Programme has identified 3+1 RDI focus areas: supporting preventive, curative, and care systems for healthy living; supporting the green transition and the development of a circular economy; supporting the digital transition of the economy and society; and enhancing security and defense. A comprehensive package of 9 action groups has been outlined to achieve these goals, including internationalizing Hungarian research, helping innovation reach the market, providing predictable career paths for researchers, and creating Science and Innovation Parks for university-industry collaboration. Furthermore, the Research Council was established in 2023 to organize excellence-based research proposals into a single, independent system. This council is now the lead actor in research excellence funding programs, responsible for preparing calls and making award decisions. In the same vein, the National Innovation Agency was established in 2023 as a flexible organization within the Hungarian innovation ecosystem, assisting and supporting innovative ideas from conception to commercialization. Hungary is also placing increasing emphasis on the development of adaptive and learnable policies. Key initiatives and mechanisms include data-driven decision-making, where the integrated analysis of higher education data (e.g., DPR, FIR) and RDI data allows for policy fine-tuning based on rapid feedback. The application of digital skills and artificial intelligence, such as the use of AI-based policy simulations and forecasts in public administration (currently in the pilot phase), and policy competence development through internal training programs for civil servants and experts, as well as international study visits, support the acquisition of new approaches. Hungary is cultivating a responsive and adaptive RDI innovation ecosystem through a synergistic blend of strategic funding, targeted experimentation, and dynamic stakeholder engagement—enabling continuous evaluation and agile redirection of initiatives for maximum impact. - In collaboration of the Ministry of Culture and Innovation and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade a network of Diplomats for Technology and Innovation operates in 16 locations around the world. The network delivers best practices and relevant information on STI policies of these countries. - National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) has been tasked with broader mandates to better coordinate and support learnable STI policies thanks to the NRDI Fund – Programme Strategy 2025. The NRDI Fund, managed by the NRDI Office, plans to allocate around HUF 128.3 billion in 2025, emphasising greater flexibility and experimentation: o National Research Excellence Programme (NKKP): Doubles its budget (to HUF 40 billion) for multi year, high quality research, with strengthened evaluation criteria. o Fast Track Programme: Continues commercialisation of academic research with HUF 5 billion o Mission-driven Sub-fund: An additional HUF 10 billion tranche aims to support thematic missions focused on major societal and economic challenges. - National Laboratories Programme (NKFIH) Supports the creation of dynamic, collaborative knowledge hubs in key S&T fields, with rigid oversight and iterative progress reporting via Supervisory and Advisory Boards and Project Coordination Teams. - Hungarian Innovation Agency (NIÜ) Initiatives IMPULSE programme: Provides mentorship, business and IP advisory services to support market exploitation of high-potential innovation. |
| Iceland | Effective coordination between various ministries involved in Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) is crucial to avoid overlaps in policy and funding. This requires a robust framework that ensures each ministry's efforts complement rather than duplicate each other. Such coordination is not only essential for the efficient use of resources but also for fostering a cohesive STI strategy at the national level. Furthermore, enhancing collaboration between research institutions, universities, and the business sector is vital. This collaboration aims to translate research outcomes into tangible innovations, driving economic growth. By strengthening these partnerships, we can better leverage the unique capabilities and resources of each sector, thereby accelerating the pace of innovation. There is also a need to balance national priorities with the benefits of international collaboration, especially within contexts such as the Nordic region and the European Union. This balance is crucial in leveraging global knowledge and resources while maintaining focus on national strategic goals. Additionally, the ongoing debates on changes and polarisation in research policy, alongside the balance between research security and open science, highlight the dynamic nature of governance in the STI landscape. These discussions are pivotal in shaping policies that are both secure and openly collaborative, ensuring that STI governance is adaptable and forward-thinking. |
| India | The governance of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy in India currently faces several critical debates that need to be addressed to enhance the country's research and development (R&D) landscape. Key issues include increasing India's Gross Expenditure on R&D and boosting the participation of the private sector in R&D. There is also a pressing need to strengthen the STI ecosystem across the states by promoting R&D, innovation, and entrepreneurship. This involves developing strategies to bring synergy between the national innovation ecosystem and those of the states, as well as setting up mechanisms to facilitate the flow of STI information and data. Another significant area of concern is how the Central and State governments can collaborate to address state-specific STI needs, challenges, and gap areas, and evolve effective solutions. The primary focus is on decentralizing STI planning and implementation, empowering states and local bodies through State S&T Councils, and encouraging stakeholder participation including academia, industry, civil society, and the public. Furthermore, the policy debates also focus around the need for better coordination among different S&T ministries, departments, and agencies. It advocates for policy convergence to address complex challenges through interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral linkages. Recognizing the growing role of industry, particularly its contributions to research and development, current debates in STI governance in India are centered around establishing robust mechanisms to better integrate private sector and public research efforts. Key focus areas include fostering effective partnerships, promoting co-funding models, and developing shared governance frameworks to enhance collaboration, accountability, and innovation across sectors. A significant and ongoing debate in India’s STI governance revolves around the need for Responsible Research Assessment. This discussion focuses on shifting away from traditional, purely quantitative metrics like publication counts, citation indices, and journal impact factors towards more holistic, transparent, and meaningful evaluation frameworks. Additionally, the low response rate and delays in capturing the data and information related to the STI ecosystem has been a concern for policy/planning. Therefore, skill development and the restructuring of statistical mechanisms meant for data collection are crucial for advancing STI governance. |
| Indonesia | Indonesia's science, technology, and innovation (STI) landscape is undergoing significant transformation, yet several key challenges remain. One of the most debated issues is the centralization of research institutions under the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). This consolidation involved the integration of LIPI, BATAN, LAPAN, and BPPT and was aimed at improving coordination and efficiency. However, it has raised concerns regarding scientific independence and institutional dynamics. Another major constraint is the limited research funding, which in 2020 remained at only 0.28% of GDP—well below the 1% target mandated by the National Science and Technology Law. This financial shortfall is compounded by weak collaboration across the Triple Helix actors: government, industry, and academia. Efforts to build strong research and innovation partnerships among these stakeholders remain insufficient, limiting the impact of STI on national development. Furthermore, Indonesia’s national innovation system is still heavily focused on formal institutions, often neglecting the protection and integration of community-driven innovation and local knowledge. The management of scientific data also remains fragmented, with many institutions lacking interoperable systems to store and share research outputs. Ethical concerns continue to surface, including cases of plagiarism, data manipulation, and duplicate publications, undermining the credibility of research practices. Finally, there is a noticeable gap in aligning national STI priorities with pressing global challenges. Strategic areas such as the renewable energy transition, climate change mitigation, and genomic and digital public health have yet to receive sufficient attention in national research agendas. Strengthening these areas is crucial for ensuring Indonesia’s relevance and resilience in the global innovation ecosystem. |
| Ireland | Ireland's National R&I strategy, Impact 2030, was published in 2022, marking a significant step towards a cohesive, whole-of-government approach to research and innovation. The governance structures of Impact 2030, including the Steering Group and Implementation Forum, play a crucial role in driving the strategy's vision and ambition. The Steering Group and Implementation Forum are both official level governance bodies. These groups not only oversee the delivery of sectoral R&I strategies and programmes but also engage in inter-departmental and cross-agency initiatives. Currently, a mid-term strategic review of Impact 2030 is underway, which includes assessing its governance framework. In 2024, a major development occurred with the establishment of Taighde Éireann – Research Ireland, a new competitive R&I funding agency that amalgamated the functions of the now-dissolved Irish Research Council (IRC) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI). This new agency, operating under the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science (DFHERIS), collaborates closely with the Higher Education Authority (HEA), Enterprise Ireland, IDA Ireland (the Irish Government’s inward investment promotion agency), and other research funding bodies. The transfer of activities and portfolio of awards to Taighde Éireann – Research Ireland has been completed. Another key achievement in 2024 was the appointment of Professor Aoife McLysaght as the Government Science Advisor, a role that enhances the government's capacity to receive high-quality, timely, and relevant scientific advice on contemporary issues. Additionally, Ireland's higher education institutions continue to demonstrate their commitment to research integrity by annually reporting on their adherence to the 'HEA Principles of Good Practice in Research within Irish Higher Education Institutions' through their Annual Governance Statements. On the international front, Ireland actively participates in the European Research Area (ERA) governance structures, contributing to the implementation of ERA actions at the European level. The Irish National Chapter of CoARA, established in 2023, supports national efforts related to ERA Action 3 on the reform of research assessment. Furthermore, Ireland contributes to several International Research Organisations (IROs) such as European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Southern Observatory (ESO), and LOFAR, and played a pivotal role in the establishment of Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio telescope project as a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), coordinated by DFHERIS. |
| Israel | Israel's Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) governance structure is characterised by a complex network of multiple ministries and agencies. The Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology, along with the Israel Innovation Authority, spearheads industrial R&D programmes. Conversely, the Council for Higher Education (CHE) and the Planning and Budgeting Committee (VATAT) are responsible for overseeing university research funding. Additionally, the Defence Ministry and other governmental bodies also contribute to sectoral research funding. This multifaceted arrangement has led to concerns regarding the absence of a unified innovation strategy, as highlighted by recent audits and studies, which advocate for a more coherent approach and clearer leadership within the sector. The debate on whether to centralise Israel's STI governance remains contentious. Some experts propose the establishment of a national R&D council or a cross-ministerial "innovation cabinet" to streamline efforts and enhance coordination. However, others argue that increased bureaucracy might hinder the nation's dynamic and grassroots-driven innovation culture. This disagreement underscores the broader governance challenges, particularly in terms of balancing central oversight with the agility needed to foster innovation. Recent initiatives reflect attempts to address these governance issues, particularly in crisis response and coordination. In 2023–24, Israel established the "Resilience Administration" (מנהלת תקומה), an ad hoc structure under the Prime Minister’s Office, tasked with economic recovery and integrating science and technology into its strategy. Additionally, the National AI Program, managed jointly by the Prime Minister’s Office’s National Digital Bureau and a collaborative forum including the Innovation Authority, CHE, Defence R&D, and the Finance Ministry, exemplifies cross-cutting governance aimed at fostering collaboration across various agencies. These efforts indicate a move towards more collaborative governance models, yet they also highlight ongoing challenges related to overlapping mandates. The ongoing policy discussions in Israel are now focused on potentially establishing more permanent joint bodies or task forces, as the nation continues to debate the optimal balance between a top-down strategy and a flexible, industry-led approach to innovation. |
| Italy | In 2024, the governance of science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy in Italy continues to evolve within a complex, multi-level framework that reflects both national priorities and broader European and global objectives. Building on the strategic foundation of the Italian National Research Plan (PNR) 2021–2027, ongoing efforts focus on enhancing coordination across various levels of governance—national, regional, and European. A key area of attention is ensuring policy coherence and alignment with EU initiatives such as Horizon Europe and the European Research Area (ERA) Policy Agenda, with the aim of strengthening synergies and maximizing impact. Another important topic of discussion concerns the integration of scientific evidence into policymaking processes. Italy is taking steps to reinforce the science-policy interface, recognizing the growing importance of evidence-informed decision-making in addressing cross-cutting societal challenges such as climate change, digital transformation, and public health. Strengthening institutional mechanisms for structured dialogue between research communities and policymakers remains a priority. In terms of funding and long-term sustainability, national and EU recovery instruments, including the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), have provided important opportunities for investment in research and innovation. Current debates focus on how best to maintain these efforts beyond the recovery phase, with particular attention to balancing support for both frontier research and applied innovation, as well as promoting territorial cohesion. At the same time, Italy continues to promote open science and research quality, in line with the National Plan for Open Science. Ongoing discussions explore how to implement open and transparent research practices in a way that supports excellence, inclusivity, and responsible use of public funding. |
| Japan | In Japan, there is a recognised need to enhance the command-and-control function, which involves comprehensive coordination from a position superior to the respective ministries. This is particularly important for coordinating policies advanced by the command post councils, including the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI), the Digital Agency, the Intellectual Property Strategy Headquarters, the Headquarters for Healthcare Policy, the Space Development Strategy Headquarters, and the Comprehensive Ocean Policy Headquarters. All these entities play a crucial role in the realm of science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies. To address this need, the Act for Establishment of the Cabinet Office was amended in April 2021 to establish the Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation Promotion within the Cabinet Office. This amendment aims to set up a system that allows the secretariat to effectively coordinate functions such as eliminating overlapping policies and promoting collaboration among the related command and control centres and ministries. Furthermore, through the Integrated Innovation Strategy Promotion Council, the government has strengthened cooperation with these centres and ministries. Regular meetings are convened to share information and enhance collaboration with the Secretariat and the associated command centres and ministries. In pursuit of realising Society 5.0, the CSTI is set to deepen its cooperation with the aforementioned command and control centres and the Science Council of Japan (SCJ). The SCJ is an independent organisation that provides policy recommendations to the government and the public. Additionally, CSTI aims to strengthen cooperative relations with various councils of relevant ministries and agencies involved in policy studies. |
| Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan’s Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy is underpinned by several major strategic documents, providing a coherent vision for national development. The Law on Science and Technological Policy, adopted in 2024, is central to this framework. This comprehensive legal framework, which replaced the earlier 2011 Law on Science and the Law on Commercialization of Research Results, integrates these into a single instrument aimed at systematising and accelerating innovation-led growth. The law introduces a modern governance approach to STI policy, underpinned by the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) methodology. It formalises TRLs as the principal tool for categorising the maturity of scientific and technological outputs, allowing funding and policy instruments to be tailored to the development stage of each project—from basic research to commercialisation. Strategic direction is further reinforced through the Concept for the Development of Higher Education and Science for 2023–2029. This roadmap identifies key pillars such as regional innovation ecosystems, internationalisation of science, and commercialisation as priority areas. The concept explicitly calls for transitioning to a knowledge-based economy, emphasising talent development, infrastructure modernisation, and institutional reforms. The National Development Plan of Kazakhstan until 2029 situates STI as a cross-cutting enabler for economic diversification, technological independence, and sustainable development. The plan envisions the creation of full value chains in strategic sectors, with science and innovation at the core. It also includes macroeconomic targets, such as increasing gross domestic expenditure on R&D to 1% of GDP—a substantial rise from the current 0.16% (this information was provided by national sources and is not yet available in OECD databases as of July 2025). The Programme on Commercialization of Scientific Results, introduced in 2016, has become a structural element of the STI ecosystem. It provides grants to researchers seeking to transform their work into marketable products and was institutionalised as a funding modality within the Science Fund JSC, which also manages technology incubation and venture co-financing schemes. In the regional dimension, Kazakhstan has launched Science-Education Hubs of Excellence (2024–2026), particularly in less developed regions. These hubs, often hosted in national universities, aim to localise research, create job opportunities, and address region-specific socio-economic problems. Each hub is connected to a foreign partner university to ensure quality and global relevance. Importantly, the STI strategy now recognises that infrastructure must be matched with human capital development. Special programs have been introduced to attract PhD graduates into research, promote women in science (55% of scientists are women), and develop new competencies in innovation management and tech entrepreneurship (this information was provided by national sources and is not yet available in OECD databases as of July 2025). International cooperation is another strategic axis. Kazakhstan has intensified collaboration with international organisations and research platforms including Horizon Europe, CERN, and UNESCO. This outward engagement is guided by a policy of strategic diversification to reduce dependence on any single partner and to integrate more deeply into the global scientific community. In fiscal terms, the government has prioritised science in its budgeting. From 2000 to 2024, public R&D funding rose from 4.7 billion to 252.5 billion KZT (this information was provided by national sources and is not yet available in OECD databases as of July 2025). This has enabled the establishment of specialised laboratories, engineering centres, and science parks. Nevertheless, public funding alone is insufficient to reach strategic goals. Hence, the law mandates that 1% of capital investments by subsoil users must be directed to scientific and technological development. This earmarked funding is managed in alignment with national priorities. Kazakhstan’s STI policy is guided by a robust set of strategic documents. The 2024 law provides legal and institutional grounding. The 2023–2029 Concept and National Development Plan offer policy vision and implementation pathways. Programmes like commercialisation grants, education hubs, and innovation incentives translate strategy into action. The key challenge ahead lies in operationalising this framework effectively and ensuring continuity across political cycles. |
| Korea | The Yoon Administration has maintained the policy governance structure established by its predecessors, with the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) playing a pivotal role. This structure also includes various institutions at different levels, such as the Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology (PACST) and the STI Inter-Ministerial Meeting, which have been strengthened to enhance STI policy coordination among various ministries. However, this policy governance has often been criticised for being overly focused on resource allocation and budgetary competition among ministries, rather than fostering a cohesive and holistic research and innovation policy. In response, the Science and Technology Innovation Office (STIO) under the MSTI has shifted its focus towards strengthening its policy coordination role rather than merely overseeing budgetary allocations. Furthermore, the Advisor on Science and Technology at the Office of the President has been elevated to the Chief of Science and Technology to bolster policy coordination among relevant ministries. Another significant issue in policy governance is the balance between international STI cooperation and research security. Recognising that international collaboration is crucial for maintaining Korea's technological competitiveness, the Yoon Administration has placed a greater emphasis on enhancing international STI cooperation to address Korea's limited integration into international research networks. |
| Latvia | The governance of the Smart Specialisation Strategy (RIS3) has also seen significant developments. The RIS3 has been incorporated into the National Industrial Policy Guidelines for 2021-2027, with the primary responsibility for its implementation shifting from the Ministry of Education to the Ministry of Economics. Governance boards have been established in each RIS3 area, which meet regularly to develop strategies for the further advancement of RIS3 specialisation areas and submit proposals to the Ministry of Economics on potential flagship projects. Plans are in place to enhance how RIS3 governance boards collaborate on inter-sectoral initiatives. The ongoing improvements of higher education institution governance and the strengthening of research-based higher education are pivotal aspects of the current reform initiative. This initiative is structured around the establishment of a more effective institutional governance structure, diversification of funding sources, and the development of human capital. A new base funding model has been developed alongside strategic specialisation of institutions. Governing Boards have been established to oversee these developments. The main initiatives currently under implementation aim to increase the autonomy of higher education institutions (HEIs) by transitioning towards an institutional funding model. In this model, institutions receive a lump sum of funding annually, with specific goals set by the ministry. This approach has been partially implemented, with a full rollout to all state HEIs expected by the end of 2026. Additionally, the framework for doctoral training is being improved to more closely link learning with research, substantially increase remuneration for doctoral students, and institute 'doctoral schools' in HEIs. A new academic career framework is also being developed to integrate teaching and research roles, incorporating international best practices at the national level. |
| Lithuania | The Lithuania 2050 Strategy, approved by the Seimas (parliament) in December 2023, updates and extends the earlier Lithuania 2030 Strategy. It outlines a long-term vision and sets priorities for the country's development, emphasizing the principles of interdisciplinarity. This strategy envisions a smart Lithuania where diverse disciplines collaborate to enhance development (five strategic ambitions are set out: 1. Citizen-led democracy: credible, open, and uniting for action; 2. A future-ready, resilient, and liberated individual, thriving in a caring community; 3. Lithuanian business, science, and arts sustainably generate high value for Lithuania and the world; 4. A resilient state, a constructive and influential player in global politics; 5. A connected country with sustainable and well-balanced development). The Research Development Programme for 2022–2030 (RDP) plays a crucial role in implementing science policy in Lithuania. The RDP aims to strengthen human resources and competencies for high-level science and the development of science-based technologies. It also seeks to generate high-level scientific knowledge that enhances national competitiveness and promotes the creation of science-intensive businesses. Furthermore, the programme fosters collaboration between science and business sectors and develops an entrepreneurial culture within research and higher education institutions. Additionally, it aims to strengthen the role of science in addressing state and societal challenges and in developing research-based studies. In 2024, Lithuania achieved significant recognition, becoming the leading country in the European Union in terms of annual progress in research and innovation (R&I). According to the European Innovation Scoreboard 2024, Lithuania's progress rate was six times faster than the EU average, at 3.7% compared to 0.5%. This achievement highlights Lithuania's role as a leader in long-term progress in the field . Moreover, Lithuania has made a remarkable breakthrough in scientific excellence and competitiveness within the Horizon Europe programme. Halfway through the Horizon Europe programme, Lithuanian applicants had already secured nearly twice as much funding from the European Commission as they did during the entire previous Horizon 2020 period. Key advances include success in strategic areas such as “Widening participation and spreading excellence”, “Climate, energy and mobility”, “Food, bio-economy, natural resources, agriculture and environment” and “Digital, Industry and Space”. Lithuania also achieved a milestone by winning two Teaming for Excellence projects – a significant leap, as no Teaming projects were won under Horizon 2020. Progress is further evident in ERC grants – six already secured in Horizon Europe (vs. just one in H2020), in fields like biotechnology, physics, and social sciences. This success demonstrates Lithuania's growing capability and reputation in the European research landscape. |
| Malta | Malta's National R&I Strategic Plan 2023-2027, launched in March 2024, is based on the recommendations from the 2019 PSF Peer Review. It aims to embed research and innovation at the core of the Maltese economy and society, focusing on knowledge-driven and value-added growth with an emphasis on quality of life, resilience, and sustainability. The Plan outlines five overarching goals: strengthening R&I governance and priority-setting, developing the local ecosystem, enhancing directionality through 'missions' and smart specialization, mainstreaming R&I in public policy, and strengthening R&I implementation structures. The first goal emphasizes improving oversight, coherence, and synergy among funding instruments, streamlining R&I priority-setting processes, and enhancing knowledge sharing across the government's scientific community. The PSF Peer Review of Malta’s R&I ecosystem emphasized the need to upscale and strengthen the national R&I governance framework. This is crucial for supporting public R&D, private R&D, and public-private R&D cooperation. The R&I Strategic Plan 2023-2027 reflects this priority, with its first goal dedicated to enhancing R&I governance through a series of targeted measures. Subsequent goals in the plan focus on bolstering government support for the public research system. In May 2024, the legal status of the Malta Council for Science and Technology was enhanced by establishing it as an agency, now known as ‘Science Malta’. This change aims to strengthen the governance framework within the national R&I ecosystem. The implementation of the ERA and its connected ERA Policy Agenda is an ongoing local process, coordinated centrally by Xjenza Malta (XM) via the Ministry for Education, Youth, Sports, and Research (MEYR). This coordination uses a case-by-case approach. |
| Mexico | On November 28, 2024, the Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration was amended, creating the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology, and Innovation, which is set to commence operations on January 1, 2025. The primary objective of the Secretariat is to ensure that every individual has the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific development, humanistic progress, and technological innovation. The new policy framework in Mexico aims to transform the nation into a sovereign scientific and technological power. This transformation is envisioned through the promotion of collaborative research, technological development, and innovation in strategic sectors, ultimately fostering development that leads to shared well-being and prosperity. Currently, the integration of the Science, Humanities, Technology, and Innovation Sectoral Programme is in progress. Its goals include strengthening Mexico's capabilities and reducing its technological dependence by training and consolidating the scientific, technological, humanities, and research community with a focus on gender parity. The programme also promotes technological development by maturing and scaling technologies that align with regional and national priorities, thereby contributing to social well-being. It aims to generate knowledge through basic and interdisciplinary research and to strengthen the infrastructure necessary to tackle priority issues. Additionally, it seeks to implement mechanisms for linkage, modernisation, and technology transfer and innovation between the academic, productive, public, and social sectors. These efforts are aligned with national priorities and are oriented towards social well-being through inter-institutional collaboration networks that carry out strategic projects, promote the transfer of knowledge and innovation, and address local, national, and international challenges. The transition from the National Council for Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies to a Secretariat involved the regulatory harmonisation of many activities governing the sector. Specifically, during the early months of 2025, efforts are focused on a reform initiative to the General Law on Humanities, Science, Technology, and Innovation. This initiative will introduce formal and organisational modifications, amending 54 articles and 14 articles respectively. Additionally, governance mechanisms will be established, with 25 articles amended and nine added. Two articles related to intellectual property will also be amended, among others. |
| Netherlands | The Dutch Cabinet remains committed to achieving a 3% GDP investment in R&D from both private and public sources by 2030. Recognising that the R&D intensity in the Netherlands has long been below average, the Ministry of Economic Affairs is actively developing a plan to reach this target. This plan is scheduled to be presented to Parliament in the third quarter of 2025. Additionally, the National Technology Strategy (NTS) was published in early 2024 to ensure strategic autonomy, enhance competitiveness, and maintain continued excellence in specific technologies. The implementation of this strategy involves collaboration with stakeholders from relevant sectors to develop action agendas for the upcoming years. It also includes a review and potential refocusing of existing policy instruments and initiatives to support the key technologies identified in the NTS. Internationally, the government is focused on enhancing the competitiveness of research and science in the Netherlands. This effort is aimed at contributing to the strategic autonomy of the European Union. For information on the domestic priorities of the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science, please refer to the recent policy letter available at [Dutch Government Website](https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2025/03/14/aan-de-eerste-kamer-beleidsbrief-vervolgonderwijs-onderzoek-en-wetenschap). |
| New Zealand | The governance of Science, Innovation, and Technology (SI&T) policy in New Zealand is currently undergoing its first significant reforms in three decades. These reforms aim to enhance the overall ecosystem for innovation by addressing barriers to commercialization and fostering stronger links between research organizations and the private sector. A central aspect of these changes is the move towards a more centralized and strategically driven approach to governing SI&T, with a clear focus on translating scientific advancements into tangible economic benefits for the nation. The Government’s objectives for the science system reforms include increasing alignment, focus, and scale through rationalization and prioritization; enhancing focus on national benefit, economic growth, and commercialization; and ensuring public research organizations are adaptable, responsive, and accountable. To support more strategic decision-making on national priorities and funding for science, a Prime Minister's Science, Innovation, and Technology Advisory Council will be established. This Council will play a crucial role in providing guidance on the long-term direction of government-funded SI&T and ensuring that funding is directed towards initiatives that drive economic growth. Moreover, the debate has centered on the appropriate balance in the allocation of SI&T system resources between fundamental, exploratory research and areas like humanities and social sciences, and projects that are more immediately commercially viable. Another major policy debate focuses on funding priorities and commercialization. The government has emphasized the need to maximize the economic value of the significant public investment in SI&T, which is currently around $1.2 USD billion annually. This emphasis has led to the disestablishment of Callaghan Innovation, with some of its functions being redistributed to other parts of the system, allowing for more resources to be directed to funding science for economic growth. Additionally, with a focus on driving economic growth, a new agency, Invest New Zealand, is being established. This agency is tasked with attracting foreign direct investment into the science and technology sectors. Furthermore, the government will develop a national policy for managing Intellectual Property (IP) arising from publicly funded research, giving researchers more ownership to incentivize commercialization. |
| Norway | The Long-term Plan for Research and Higher Education (2023 – 2032) provides guidance for funding agencies, research institutions, and research communities on the government’s thematic priorities, which are considered pivotal in mitigating great societal challenges. It also addresses the need for adequate funding for high-risk, high-reward research projects and researcher-initiated projects of excellent quality. A major discussion in the governance of emerging technologies concerns their societal consequences. The Government has informed Stortinget (the Norwegian Parliament) through the White Paper on the Research System of its decision to develop a strategy on Quantum Technology for 2025 - 2026. Concurrently, there is an ongoing debate about whether Norway will have sufficient manpower with the necessary science and technological skills to meet the societal needs posed by these emerging technologies. The latest report to Stortinget, titled “Sikker kunnskap I en usikker verden” (Secured Knowledge in an Uncertain World), is set to be considered at the end of May 2025. The report aims to ensure that Norway's research system is adapted to a changing world and contributes to addressing major societal challenges. The goals will be achieved through system adjustments and efforts within key areas such as a research system for the digital transformation, research security in a changed geopolitical situation, transformation in the business sector, targeted dimensioning of doctoral education for increased labour market relevance, and ensuring that research results are noticed, acknowledged, and used by society. In the process of developing the White Paper on the Research System, the organisation of the Research Council of Norway was a significant topic of discussion. The main question was whether to maintain a single organisation or to split it into multiple bodies. The decision was to keep the organisation as it is, meaning Norway continues to have one research funding organisation. The degree of directionality in research and innovation priorities, particularly concerning the green transition, is a subject of heated debate. This is highlighted in The Fiscal Policy Committee's statement for 2025, which recommends that the government end financial support for a number of innovations and business initiatives related to the green transition. On the topic of mitigating great societal challenges, discussions have focused on how to enhance cross-governmental coordination without undermining the sectorial responsibility that ensures STI policy needs are well integrated into sectorial priorities such as for instance green transition and emerging technologies. Experiences so far in the cross-sectorial cooperation on missions at the governmental level indicate that it is possible to combine sectorial responsibility with enhanced cooperation, coordination, and co-creation, at least at that governmental level. It is crucial to monitor this issue as missions are implemented across different governmental and management levels. |
| Peru | The governance of the National Science, Technology and Innovation System (SINACTI) plays a crucial role in the sustained development of the country's scientific and technological capabilities. Significant progress has been made in the articulation of the various actors within the system, including public sector entities, academic institutions, research centers, companies, and civil society. With the approval of the regulations of the Law of the National System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SINACTI) in 2024, three levels were established: (a) Strategic Definition Level, conformed by CONCYTEC, the Consultative Commission of Science, Technology and Innovation, the Multisectoral Commission of Science, Technology and Innovation. b) Implementation level, made up of the science, technology and innovation programmes (PROCIENCIA, PROINNOVATE, INDECOPI, INACAL), institutions that provide financing and intellectual property and quality assurance services. c) Execution level, made up of institutions that carry out research, technological development and innovation (universities, public research institutes, companies, etc.). SINACTI is currently operating in this way and management at these levels is improving all the time. With the current functioning of SINACTI, a process of articulation of institutions within each level and between levels has begun. For example, the creation of the Multisectoral Commission has allowed at least 11 ministries to establish commitments for the promotion of science, technology and innovation in relation to national challenges (climate change, disaster risks, biodiversity, clean energy, etc.). Likewise, institutions at the implementation level are currently developing common agendas that allow them to offer complementary services to institutions at the execution level, avoiding duplication of efforts and financial resources. This articulation is the result of concerted efforts to strengthen the system's governance mechanisms. These mechanisms are essential for coordinating, planning, implementing, and evaluating public policies effectively, transparently, and inclusively. Within this context, the National Science, Technology and Technological Innovation Policy (POLCTI) serves as the main strategic management instrument. On 15 July 2025, the Peruvian State approved the National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (POLCTI), which contains 6 priority objectives, 18 guidelines and 53 services provided by the actors of the National Science, Technology and Innovation System (SINACTI). The vision for 2030 of the POLCTI is that Peru is among the 60 most innovative countries in the world, invests 1% of its GDP in science, technology and innovation, and has closed its productivity gaps and conquered new markets through technological development and innovation. The formulation of POLCTI has been instrumental in establishing objectives, guiding principles, and operational guidelines. These elements direct the efforts of the various actors towards achieving results that have a national impact. |
| Poland | Poland ranks in the middle of EU countries in terms of expenditure on R&D, with a rate of 1.56% in 2023. This figure is significantly lower than the EU average. Due to the pandemic and geopolitical situation during 2020-2022, it is justified to distinguish two three-year comparative periods: 2017-2019, which were the first years of the Innovation Acts, and 2020-2022, marked by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's attack on Ukraine. In this comparison, it becomes evident that the challenging economic circumstances of 2020-2022 served as an incentive to increase, rather than decrease, expenditure on research and development. Despite some improvements, the funding for R&D in Poland remains relatively low compared to other European Union (EU) countries. This creates challenges for universities, research institutes, and businesses to conduct innovative work at the cutting edge of science and technology. There is ongoing debate about the balance between public and private funding, the efficiency of the current funding system, and the need for more public investment in R&D. The government has been criticised for not sufficiently prioritising STI in national budgets. Furthermore, a significant number of young, highly skilled scientists and engineers leave Poland for better opportunities abroad, particularly in more developed EU countries. There is an ongoing debate about how to reverse this brain drain and create an environment that retains talent. Some argue that Poland needs stronger incentives for researchers and entrepreneurs, such as better salaries, tax breaks, and opportunities for career development. Additionally, there is a gap between academic research and commercial application, which hinders innovation. The collaboration between universities, research institutions, and the private sector is still relatively underdeveloped, leading to inefficiencies in translating research into marketable products and services. Policymakers and stakeholders are discussing ways to enhance this collaboration, including improving technology transfer mechanisms, supporting start-ups, and fostering public-private partnerships. Poland’s STI policy landscape is often seen as fragmented, with multiple agencies and initiatives that lack clear coordination. This can lead to inefficiencies and a lack of coherent strategic direction. The debate focuses on whether there should be a more centralised, streamlined approach to STI policy, and whether existing institutions need to be reformed or consolidated to ensure greater impact. While Poland is making strides in adopting digital technologies, there is still a lag in fully embracing Industry 4.0 technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and automation, in the manufacturing sector. A key area of debate is how Poland can ensure that its industrial base keeps pace with global technological trends. Some argue for more focused support for digital transformation, while others advocate for a broader strategy to promote digital skills and infrastructure. Poland’s economy is heavily dependent on coal, which presents challenges for aligning STI policy with environmental goals, especially in terms of reducing carbon emissions and promoting green technologies. The ongoing debate centres around how to foster innovation in green technologies while transitioning away from fossil fuels. There is a tension between preserving traditional industries and investing in future-oriented, sustainable technologies. In summary, while Poland has made significant progress in some areas of science, technology, and innovation policy, there are still several challenges to address. The ongoing debates focus on how to improve funding, collaboration, talent retention, and integration into global innovation networks, while balancing economic development with sustainability and environmental goals. |
| Portugal | The governance model shaping the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy in Portugal is currently aligned with several major issues. These include the tensions between vertical and horizontal dynamics in the demand for new knowledge and technology, the need for prioritisation and assessment of research and innovation, enabling and promoting inter/multi/trans-disciplinarity, and the further need for policy coherence and specialisation. Additionally, systemic sustainability is emphasised through a diversified funding portfolio. At the core of current debates is the balance between fundamental and applied research, with various stakeholders expressing their views. Concerns, mostly raised within academia, point to the risks of an overall prioritisation of applied research at the expense of fundamental research. Critics argue that without a strong foundation in fundamental science, applied innovations will not thrive and will compromise long-term scientific and technological advancements. Another ongoing debate, previously highlighted in the "Manifesto pela Ciência em Portugal" (2018), is now evident in the "Compromisso de Regime para a Ciência e Inovação 2024-2034." This document involves researchers and the business sector and calls for substantial and predictable investment in STI, aiming for at least 3% of GDP by 2030. It stresses the need for a long-term, stable funding strategy and advocates a “whole-of-government approach” to ensure effective and inclusive STI policies. A notable shift in the share of responsibilities and benefits across the STI system is evident in new arrangements between national and subnational funders and actors within the Portuguese STI system. The design and rationale of the current Partnership Agreement and Cohesion operational programmes have led to a change in roles among funding actors. The State Budget, through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), accounts for funding fundamental research, while the European Cohesion funds are primarily assigned to the regions, focusing mainly on applied research and innovation. Governance changes have also extended to granting greater autonomy to higher education institutions (HEIs) and aligning educational offerings with societal and economic needs. Additionally, fostering partnerships between the scientific community and socio-economic organisations is crucial for the practical application of scientific knowledge. The flexibilisation of the management of Research & Development Units (UI&D) for the period 2025-2029 includes integrated management of base and programmatic funding, the possibility of "buying out" teaching hours for PhD researchers, and co-financing positions under the FCT-Tenure programme. These measures are instrumental for creating a favourable environment for innovation through regulatory reforms and targeted investments. Finally, the need for prioritisation in response to global and European commitments, such as net zero transitions and the emerging call for developments in the defense area due to global geopolitical tensions, is also impacting governance. The integration of defense and security into STI policy is highlighted in the "Estratégia Nacional de Defesa para o Ambiente, Segurança e Alterações Climáticas". Promoting public-private partnerships is pivotal for facilitating the transfer of technology and innovation between the private sector and, for example, the armed forces. This promotes the development of advanced technological solutions applicable in both civilian and military contexts, with technological innovation in areas such as cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and advanced defense systems being crucial for maintaining national security and responding to emerging threats. |
| Republic of Moldova | The governance of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy is a focal point of current debates, particularly concerning the alignment of research and innovation activities with national economic development goals. A significant discussion revolves around the need to transition from a linear, top-down approach to STI policy to more flexible, inclusive, and collaborative models. These models would integrate multiple stakeholders, including the government, academia, the private sector, and civil society. As countries aim to modernise their economies through innovation, the challenge is to determine the most effective role for the state in orchestrating these efforts. Opinions vary, with some advocating for stronger government involvement in setting strategic priorities and allocating resources, while others support a more hands-off approach that promotes self-regulation and market-driven innovation. This debate is part of a broader trend towards the decentralisation and regionalisation of STI policy, where local governments and private actors are given more autonomy to shape innovation ecosystems. Another critical issue in the governance of STI policy is the integration of sustainability and inclusiveness into innovation frameworks. Stakeholders are increasingly advocating for a shift towards "green innovation" and the inclusion of sustainability goals, such as achieving net-zero emissions, in STI agendas. This has led to debates on how to balance environmental concerns with economic growth objectives. While some policymakers advocate for targeted interventions, such as funding for clean technologies and green research, others question the effectiveness of top-down regulations in driving sustainable innovation. Moreover, there is a growing emphasis on creating inclusive innovation systems that ensure marginalised groups—such as women, youth, and underrepresented communities—are actively engaged in the research and innovation processes. This involves addressing systemic barriers to participation and fostering diversity in research teams, funding mechanisms, and entrepreneurship support. The debates are ongoing, with no single consensus on the most effective governance model for STI, but they are likely to influence future policy directions, reflecting broader shifts towards equity, sustainability, and stakeholder collaboration. |
| Romania | The institutional framework for Research and Innovation (R&I) in Romania has undergone significant changes over the past few decades, transitioning from a centralised to a market economy. These changes have been influenced by the outcomes of general elections and the varying compositions of governing coalitions. As a result, the R&D governance system has seen the establishment of new entities and a redistribution of responsibilities among existing ones. Notable changes include the creation of the National Research Authority under the Ministry of Education and Research, which took over RDI governance from the former Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization. Additionally, the Parliament's Commission for Science and Technology (Chamber of Deputies), the Romanian Academy, and various executive agencies have also seen shifts in their roles. In July 2022, the Romanian government approved the National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialisation 2022-2027 (SNCISI) through Governmental Decision no. 933/2022. This strategy is the principal policy document for research and innovation, covering multiple areas. Subsequently, the National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation 2022-2027 (PNCDI 4), which is the main implementation tool for SNCISI, was sanctioned through Governmental Decision no. 1188/2022. The implementation of PNCDI 4 is financed by Romanian financial resources, while the Operational Programme for Smart Growth, Digitalisation and Financial Instruments (POCIDIF) and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) receive funding from the European Commission and are co-funded by the Romanian Government. These instruments, along with the strategic funding priorities of SNCISI, are crucial to the overarching reform of the research and innovation system in Romania. The strategic funding priorities of SNCISI are based on smart specialisation domains (European Structural and Investment Funds) and the Research Strategic Agenda (national budget). The management of smart specialisation in Romania operates at both national and regional levels, coordinated by the Committee for the Coordination of the Smart Specialization, an advisory body of the National Research Authority. The national smart specialisation domains focus on advanced/emerging technologies, while the regional domains address local needs, irrespective of their technological maturity or impact. Additionally, the second half of the National RDI Plan 2022-2027 will introduce several sub-programmes dedicated to advanced or emerging technologies such as AI, quantum technologies, and autonomous systems. All major RDI decisions are reviewed by the National Committee on Science, Technology and Innovation, established by law in 2023 and led by the Prime Minister. This Committee includes representatives from all relevant ministries, the National Academy, branch Academies, and with observatory status, representatives of the scientific advisory bodies of the National Research Authority, regional development agencies, RDI employers, the main executive funding national agency, and the private business sector. The national integrated platform for the monitoring of the SNCISI and RIS3 (PNIM) provides essential statistic data related to SNCISI for the general public and offers specific tools for identifying complementarities and synergies in funding for institutional users. This is based on the relevant monitoring data of public RDI funding at both national and regional levels. The reports generated by PNIM will be utilised in the future to guide a national RDI evidence-based policy. |
| Serbia | Significant changes have occurred in the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) governance structure and ownership in Serbia. Following the appointment of a new government in October 2022, the existing Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development was restructured into two separate entities: the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation (NITRA). NITRA now oversees the research, development, and innovation sectors, focusing on enhancing STI performance both nationally and internationally. Despite these changes, the overall governance structure for STI policy in Serbia has remained largely consistent with the previous year. The Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation continues its role in supervising research, development, and innovation activities, aiming to improve STI outcomes at both the national and international levels. One of the main ongoing policy debates is the potential transfer of higher education responsibilities from the Ministry of Education to NITRA. This initiative was first outlined in the expose of the new Prime Minister and is currently being discussed primarily between NITRA and the Ministry of Education, focusing on how to implement the proposed change. The Government, along with other relevant bodies, is also expected to be involved in the process.. This debate is part of a larger initiative aimed at integrating education, research, and innovation policies more closely. While no final decision has been made, the discussions reflect an evolving approach to aligning policy domains critical for long-term innovation capacity. |
| Slovak Republic | No responses have been provided in 2025. |
| Slovenia | Within the framework of its strategic orientations in the field of science and innovation, Slovenia has set ambitious development plans, aiming to become one of the leading innovator countries in the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) by 2030. Recent years have seen Slovenia adopting key structural reforms to modernise its national science and innovation (R&I) ecosystem. A significant change in the area of STI is the amendment of the Scientific Research and Innovation Activity Act (ZZrID), adopted by the legislator in 2023. This amendment, in synchrony with the reform of the government structure and the establishment of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, has facilitated the integration of science and innovation policies at the operational level. A single executive agency, the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS), was established by merging the two existing agencies: the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) and the Slovenian Public Agency for the Promotion of Entrepreneurship, Internationalisation, Foreign Investment and Technology (SPIRIT Slovenia). This merger ensures coordinated funding of scientific research and innovation activities. The implementation of the new act, adopted in 2021, is currently underway. It provides public research organisations with greater autonomy and the ability to address long-term strategic issues. Additionally, significant changes in the governance of institutions and the STI system have been necessitated by the principles of open science. A new regulation in the field of open science was adopted, which aligns with the Resolution on the Slovenian Scientific Research and Innovation Strategy 2030 and includes an action plan for financing activities funded from the Recovery and Resilience Fund. At the policy level, the implementation of "smart directionality" principles is crucial. The inclusion of research in different sectoral policies is key for "knowledge-based decision-making". The new agency plays a significant role in implementing the smart directionality approach. Changes have already been implemented within the calls for research project proposals, focusing on defined priority areas, such as the Gravity call for proposals. Various ministries are also contributing financial resources to the agency for the implementation of targeted calls for proposals, including in fields like artificial intelligence and STEP. Scientific research and innovation activity is positioned to become a supporting pillar of progress, with a priority for state policy and funding above the EU average. The existing regulations and strategies aim to enhance the efficiency of measures for research and innovation, foster cooperation, improve opportunities for global excellence, and facilitate greater international cooperation and the development of a modern innovation ecosystem. Slovenia boasts a well-developed environment for start-ups and innovators, along with an established system for tax incentives for investments in research and development. There is a need to intensify efforts to connect various stakeholders and to foster the development of innovative projects that push the boundaries of development. The importance of innovation is underscored by new technologies, the life cycle of products, the necessity of exploiting local materials and raw materials from waste, and increasing global competition, not only for the future development of enterprises but also for their long-term survival. Plans are in place to continue providing stability in funding and ensuring stable financing paths from TRL 1 to TRL 8. |
| South Africa | The Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (DSTI) is committed to implementing the 2019 White Paper on Science, Technology, and Innovation, as outlined in the 2021-2031 Decadal Plan. This plan serves as the principal policy guide for South Africa’s National System of Innovation (NSI) and aims to advance the role of STI in the country's socio-economic development. The core themes of the Decadal Plan include fostering an inclusive and coherent NSI, creating an enabling environment for innovation, increasing and transforming human capabilities, expanding and transforming the research system, and significantly increasing funding for STI. A key debate focuses on the stagnation of R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, with particular emphasis on reversing the decline in private sector investment compared to government investment. This issue is critical as it impacts the overall growth and innovation capacity of the country. Recently, the DSTI approved the Strategic Plan 2025-2030, which places Science, Technology, and Innovation at the heart of government, education, society, and industry. This plan redefines the role of STI not merely as a sector but as an enabler of economic resilience, social transformation, and sustainable development. To achieve these goals, the Department will enhance strategic partnerships across the government system, collaborating with key STI-intensive departments, agencies, and state-owned enterprises. These partnerships are aimed at driving large-scale innovations that can reduce the cost of living and business while stimulating inclusive growth. In line with its focus on transformation, South Africa hosted its inaugural National System of Innovation Transformation Summit in mid-March 2025. The summit focused on critical themes related to the transformation of the NSI and its crucial role in fostering democratic, inclusive, and sustainable development, both within South Africa and in its position in the evolving global landscape. In addition, South Africa has participated in the Transformative Innovation Policy (TIP) Consortium over recent years. This consortium unites policymakers, academics, and practitioners to explore innovative approaches to policy design, implementation, and evaluation. The focus is on participatory, bottom-up methods that contrast with traditional models, which typically involve researchers and policymakers alone in defining problems and solutions. The TIP initiative emphasises a systems-oriented perspective while also considering socio-technical systems, such as the role of science, technology, and innovation in transforming the energy system. |
| Spain | According to Spanish law, public administrations must adhere to principles such as planning and leading by objectives, management control, and evaluation of the results of public policies. This is particularly relevant as strategic objectives encompass global challenges, necessitating cooperation, dialogue, and coordinated action among various levels of government—both state and regional. These efforts align with European initiatives and are mindful of the international context, gaining significance amid the intensifying global competition for leadership in disruptive technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum technologies. In May 2024, the State Plan for Scientific and Technological Research and Innovation for the period 2024-2027 (PEICTI 2024-2027) was approved. This plan, develops the Spanish Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy (EECTI 2021-2027) at the state level, and together, they constitute the State Smart Specialisation Strategy for managing structural funds. The PEICTI 2024-2027, was developed with the support of Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Board (CACTI), the participation and leadership of the PEICTI Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation Committee and the contributions of stakeholders in Spanish STI system, including research organisations, academia, business and civil society, through working groups and public consultation . The plan introduces a matrix structure with vertical and transversal objectives and programmes. Vertical objectives focus on promoting human resources, research and development, knowledge transfer and collaboration, innovation, and RDI infrastructures. Crosscutting programmes target internationalisation, regional collaboration, and strategic priorities. The plan also emphasises open science, equality and diversity, administrative simplification, and eco-responsibility as framework conditions. During this period, there is also an increased effort to develop the capabilities of the STI Information System (SICTI) and to strengthen the evaluation of RDI policies, programmes, and the instruments that implement them, all within the governance framework. Spain faces the challenge of improving coordination among the RDI system's stakeholders, including policymakers, funders, academia, the private sector, and civil society. Enhanced system coordination should create synergies for a greater positive impact in addressing major societal, economic, and environmental challenges. Beyond the established governance system, the EECTI and PEICTI have their own committees for coordination, monitoring, and evaluation. These committees are supported by working groups and the RDI network, with participation from state and regional administrations, academia, the private sector, and civil society. Additionally, the implementation of the Strategic Plans for Economic Recovery and Transformation (PERTE) contributes to these objectives. These large-scale national transformative projects facilitate the digital and ecological transition, contribute to economic growth and employment, and address social challenges through a combination of knowledge, experience, resources, and actors. |
| Sweden | The STI debate is currently shaped by a significantly altered geopolitical context, with intense competition over STI investments and crucial resources essential for industrial competitiveness and national security. This has placed increased public investments in STI high on the agenda. In response, the 2024 national STI Bill outlines a substantial increase in public resources over the next four years. Government R&D funding is set to rise by SEK 1.5 billion in 2025, SEK 2.5 billion in 2026, SEK 4.0 billion in 2027, and SEK 6.5 billion in 2028. By 2028, this will represent a 15 percent increase in government funding of R&D compared to 2024, at current prices. The recent national four-year STI Bill emphasises excellence and competitiveness in groundbreaking technologies, the development of advanced research infrastructures for outstanding research and innovation, and improved mechanisms and incentives for EU and wider international collaborations. It also focuses on mechanisms for STI actors to ensure research security through responsible internationalisation. Additionally, the development of a new mechanism to allocate basic funding for research at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) has been initiated. The STI bill also outlines a strategic approach to intensify efforts to enhance the synergies between its various public STI-funding agencies and to leverage both public and private STI investments through comprehensive STI policies, initiatives, and industrial policy measures at the EU level. A 2023 investigation proposed concentrating R&D funding into two or three funding agencies. According to the R&I bill published in late 2024, this issue will be further investigated. Alongside the research and innovation bill, an energy research bill was also published in late 2024. Furthermore, the AI Commission has suggested that the Government should decide on an AI strategy, and the Government has recently announced a new STEM strategy for Sweden. |
| Switzerland | Switzerland prioritises research and innovation for their contributions to public welfare, sustainable development, social cohesion, and cultural diversity. The Federal Council views research as a crucial generator of new knowledge and considers innovation essential for market success. The country's Education, Research and Innovation (ERI) system is renowned for its efficiency, international competitiveness, and forward-thinking approach. This reputation is supported by robust public-private partnerships and substantial federal and cantonal investments since the mid-1990s. The Federal Council has formulated its policy for the promotion of education, research, and innovation for the period 2025–2028. The Federal Council Dispatch aligns with previous policies and continues to uphold the core principles of subsidiarity, autonomy, and partnership-based cooperation. It emphasises a bottom-up focus with selective prioritisation, alongside competition and excellence. The ERI Dispatch for 2025–2028 also focuses on overarching themes such as digitalisation, sustainable development, equal opportunities, and both national and international cooperation. These themes are integral to all areas of ERI policy. Switzerland is in an internationally competitive position in the Education Research and Innovation (ERI) sector. The Federal Council has set clear objectives in its 2023–2027 legislative plan to ensure Switzerland remains a leader in this sector. These objectives include promoting basic research, applied research, and innovation of the highest quality, with a focus on sustainable development and digital transformation. Additionally, Switzerland is committed to enhancing collaboration and cooperation between academia and industry through targeted funding instruments and encourages networking among researchers. Efforts are also being made to improve access to international infrastructures, programmes, and collaborations. Furthermore, Switzerland is strengthening its cooperation with the European Space Agency (ESA) and selected international partners in the space sector, with targeted measures to promote Switzerland as a long-term centre of knowledge and industry. Switzerland ranks among the top countries in R&D spending relative to GDP, allocating CHF 29.2 billion—about 3% of its GDP—during the current 2025–2028 ERI planning period. However, the rising pressure on the overall federal budget is intensifying scrutiny over research and innovation expenditures. This situation poses new challenges and may necessitate more rigorous prioritisation of investments. |
| Thailand | Science, technology, and innovation (STI) in Thailand are governed by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (MHESI), which was established in May 2019. This new ministry was formed through the merger of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Office of the Higher Education Commission. It incorporates higher education institutions as well as research in the social sciences and humanities. This restructuring is seen as a major reform of Thailand’s national science system, designed to foster synergy between science, social sciences, and human capital development, thereby maximizing the potential of science to generate a broad-based national impact. In conjunction with the formation of MHESI, the National Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation Policy Council (Policy Council) was also established. Chaired by the Prime Minister, the Policy Council includes relevant ministers, leading organizations, and appointed experts. It oversees policy formulation, implementation, and budget allocation in higher education and STI. Two subcommittees focus on critical issues: the innovation ecosystem subcommittee, which reviews and improves the legal framework to strengthen Thailand’s innovation landscape, and the educational innovation subcommittee, which promotes the adoption of new learning approaches through a sandbox mechanism. Another key entity, the National Committee on Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation Reform, was established in 2019. It plays a crucial role in designing and managing the implementation of systems and mechanisms following the merger. Its responsibilities include structural reform, policy and strategy development, planning, budget management, monitoring and evaluation, and data integration. Following the establishment of MHESI, research and innovation-related organizations were also reclassified into six categories as announced in the Royal Gazette on 7 February 2022. These categories include policy, strategy, plan, and budget organizations such as the Office of the National Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation Policy Council (NXPO) and Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI); funding organizations like the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and National Innovation Agency (NIA); organizations performing research and innovation; MSTQ (Metrology, Standards, Testing, and Quality) organizations; organizations supporting and facilitating knowledge management and research and innovation utilization for social and economic impacts; and others as designated by the Policy Council. Categories 3 to 5 encompass a total of 75 government agencies, 170 higher education institutes, and 8 non-profit foundations and organizations. Currently, the Thai government is implementing the Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation Policy and Strategy 2023–2027, along with the Higher Education Plan 2023–2027 and the Science, Research, and Innovation Plan 2023–2027. Each of these plans was approved by the Cabinet in December 2022. This policy framework aims to leverage higher education, science, research, and innovation to support Thailand’s transition toward sustainable development, enhance national competitiveness through a value-based economy, and build future readiness. The vision is anchored in four strategic pillars: advancing Thailand’s economy through a value-based and creative economy, enhancing society and the environment, driving frontier science, technology, research, and innovation, and developing human capital, higher education institutions, and research organizations. Thailand’s STI policy priorities for 2023–2027 focus on four key areas: driving an innovation-based economy by supporting the creation of 1,000 innovation-driven enterprises (IDEs), each targeting an average annual revenue of 1 billion THB; reducing inequality and strengthening the grassroots economy through higher education and science initiatives designed to benefit 1 million people; supporting climate action by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 10 million tons of CO2 equivalent; and raising the share of high-skilled workers to 25% of the workforce, in line with benchmarks set by developed economies. To monitor STI progress, data on R&D expenditure and R&D manpower from both public and private sectors are compiled annually as STI indicators. In 2022, Thailand’s gross expenditures on R&D (GERD) reached 201.42 billion THB, with significant contributions from the private sector. However, between 2021 and 2022, growth slowed, indicating a deceleration despite continued growth. The number of full-time equivalent (FTE) R&D personnel totaled 165,126 in 2022, marking a 2.43% increase from the previous year. Thailand is also monitoring its performance in global competitiveness rankings. In the 2024 IMD World Competitiveness Ranking, Thailand improved significantly, placing second in ASEAN, after Singapore. Improvements were noted in Economic Performance and Business Efficiency, while Government Efficiency and Infrastructure remained unchanged. However, within the Infrastructure category, the Scientific Infrastructure sub-factor declined slightly. |
| Türkiye | Key actors in the governance of the national STI ecosystem in Türkiye include the Science, Technology and Innovation Policies Council (STIPC), the Presidency of Strategy and Budget, the Ministry of Industry and Technology (MoIT), the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK), the Ministry of Treasury and Finance, the Ministry of Trade, and sectoral ministries in the fields of education, agriculture, energy, environment, climate change, health (including the Health Institutes of Türkiye (TÜSEB)), transportation, infrastructure, and the Presidency of Defence Industries. the Council of Higher Education (CoHE) and affiliated agencies such as the Small and Medium Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB) also play significant roles. The coordination of research and innovation policies in Türkiye is overseen at the presidential level through the STIPC policy recommendations and the Development Plans. The Council formulates policies, recommends STI strategies, identifies strategic technology areas, and evaluates the national STI ecosystem. The "Competitive Production through Green and Digital Transformation" chapter and specifically the "Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)" section of the 12th National Development Plan, together with the recently released 2030 Industry and Technology Strategy (2025-2030) by MoIT, constitute the basis for the STI policy in Türkiye. These documents emphasise the importance of knowledge production, R&D, and innovation ecosystems to enhance value-added production and support high-tech sectors. On the other hand, the Climate Change Coordination Committee under the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change coordinates, determines, monitors, and evaluates plans, policies, strategies, and actions related to climate change. Global challenges such as climate change, green and digital transformation, and natural disasters necessitate the development of an inclusive and collaborative innovation environment. Target-oriented and collaborative initiatives are critical for addressing societal challenges and fostering sustainability, resilience, and inclusivity by promoting interactions between universities, industry, the public, and society. The Development Plan identifies priority sectors within the manufacturing industry, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, electronics, machinery, electrical equipment, automotive, and rail system vehicles. Priority development areas have been determined as agriculture and food, energy, defence industry, and tourism. To realise the “National Technology Initiative” in Türkiye, the necessary R&D infrastructure is to be established, projects are to be implemented, and the required skilled human resources are to be trained in fields where Türkiye has had longstanding focus, including AI, IoT, augmented reality, big data, cybersecurity, advanced materials, robotics, micro/nano/opto-electronics, biotechnology, quantum technologies, sensor technologies, and additive manufacturing technologies, as well as new areas like hydrogen technologies, renewable energy technologies, battery technologies, genome editing, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage technologies, next-generation nuclear reactors, fusion. These areas are designated as critical technologies aimed at transforming production structures towards high-tech and high-value-added outputs, focusing on green and digital transformation. Aligned with the general framework of the Development Plan, the "National Technology Initiative" envisions advancing expertise in critical research areas. This vision emphasises transforming research outcomes and entrepreneurial ideas into globally competitive products. It prioritises achieving technological autonomy in critical fields, fostering high-value-added production, increasing high-tech exports, and cultivating a skilled and qualified workforce as its core objectives. Prepared by the Ministry of Industry and Technology and in line with the “National Technology Initiative” vision, Türkiye’s new Industrial Strategy Document comprises the roadmap for industrial and technological development for the period of 2025-2030. The Strategy focuses on high-tech, digital economy, green transformation, international integration, and structural reforms, with an emphasis on enhancing domestic production capacity in prioritised sectors such as defence, AI, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, mobility, and renewable energy technologies. Türkiye’s efforts to align its national research and innovation system with EU policy objectives and increase participation in Horizon Europe demonstrate its commitment to convergence with the ERA. The focus on green and digital transitions, the European Green Deal, and the Innovation Union commitments reflect Türkiye’s alignment with ERA priorities and EU policy objectives. |
| Ukraine | In March 2024, the Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine for Innovation, Education, Science, and Technology Development – Minister of Digital Transformation of Ukraine was appointed to coordinate the policy in the aforementioned fields. Since 2021, Ukraine has been an associated participant in the EU Horizon Europe programme. To increase Ukrainian organisations’ participation, the Horizon Europe Office in Ukraine was launched in 2023 under the National Research Foundation Ukraine with the support of the EC. This office also serves as the Coordination Centre of the Horizon Europe Programme in Ukraine. Furthermore, 39 Ukrainian representatives have been nominated to 14 Horizon Europe Programme Committees, and in 2024, 22 National Contact Points (NCPs) were appointed as a result of a competitive selection process. During the activity period of the 22 NCP network, 101 dissemination events and 472 consultations for various Ukrainian stakeholders were held. During the war, the field of science and innovation in Ukraine suffered significant losses, which severely affected its subjects, infrastructure, and operational mechanisms. In response to these challenges and the context of limited, mostly earmarked funding for science and innovation, the Ministry of Education and Science (MES) is reforming the system of basic funding for scientific activity and the approaches to project selection within the framework of competitive funding. The research assessment system and the system for research institutions (RIs) assessment have both been reformed. In 2024, the MES introduced a new methodology for RI assessment that combines both quantitative and qualitative assessments, integrating best practices such as impact assessment. Research institutions are now assessed based on their contributions to world-class scientific outputs, economic and social development, and national defence capabilities. The results of these assessments are used for performance-based funding distribution, making it both data-driven and contextual. Additionally, on June 6, 2024, Ukraine's parliament adopted, in the first reading, Bill No. 10424, which introduces new measures for evaluating research institutions and their leadership. Key elements of this bill include Strategic Development Plans, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), and Annual Reporting. The main approach to research assessment integrates best international practices, Horizon Europe standards, and the abolition of predatory publications. Research areas are harmonised with the OECD classification, focusing on defence, economic, and societal needs. The mechanisms for systematic collection and analysis of data in the R&I sector are implemented through two key tools: the Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI) and the National Electronic Research Information System (URIS). OUCI serves as a search engine and citation database built on the integration with Crossref's Cited-by service. Through this tool, citation data from scientific publications supporting the Initiative for Open Citations is aggregated. One of the primary goals of OUCI is to draw attention to the issue of metadata quality and completeness in Ukrainian scientific journals. By addressing these gaps, OUCI enhances the representation of Ukrainian scientific publications in international specialised search systems such as Dimensions, Lens.org, 1findr, and Scilit, thereby broadening the readership and opening new opportunities for bibliometric research. URIS in turn, functions as a national information platform that encompasses the entire spectrum of research and innovation activities in Ukraine. This multifunctional system ensures the collection, processing, and storage of data about the achievements of Ukrainian research institutions, higher education institutions, and individual scientists. URIS was designed to become a hub for consolidating data, which would improve the international representation of Ukrainian research and serve as an effective tool for management decision-making. Together, OUCI and URIS create a robust foundation for advancing science in Ukraine, making it more open, accessible, and visible on a global scale. These tools not only simplify access to scientific data but also ensure the integration of Ukrainian science into the global research ecosystem, enabling informed management decisions and promoting the results of domestic research internationally. Ukraine’s innovation policy is governed by a multi-institutional approach involving government ministries, agencies, and advisory bodies. The Deputy Prime Minister for Innovation, Education, Science, and Technology Development, who is also the Minister of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, oversees high-level policy coordination. The main innovation-supporting institutions include the National Research Foundation of Ukraine, which is responsible for funding fundamental and applied research; the Innovation Development Fund, which fosters startups and technology-based businesses; the Ukrainian National Intellectual Property and Innovation Office, which regulates intellectual property (IP) rights; the State Innovation Financial and Credit Institution, which provides financial support to innovation-driven projects; and the Innovation and Defense Technology Development Center, which supports dual-use and defense innovations. Advisory bodies such as the National Council for Science and Technology Development and the Council for Innovation Development play a crucial role in coordinating policies and ensuring alignment with national priorities and EU standards. A significant initiative in bridging science and business is the establishment of the Applied Research Agency, planned for implementation in 2025, which will further connect R&D with industrial applications. Despite these advancements, Ukraine’s legal framework for innovation, which includes national laws, governmental regulations, and EU-aligned directives, still faces regulatory gaps and bureaucratic inefficiencies. |
| United Kingdom | Science, engineering, innovation, and technology play a pivotal role in achieving the objectives outlined in the UK government's Plan for Change and its Five National Missions. These sectors are essential for driving growth, creating jobs, and transforming lives across the UK. The Department for Science, Innovation & Technology (DSIT) holds combined responsibilities for science, innovation, technology, digital, and data. This integration positions DSIT as both an enabler and a delivery partner for every government department, supporting each mission. Missions are designed to address complex problems and require an innovative approach to governance to develop effective solutions. Strong capabilities in science, technology, and digital fields are crucial for unlocking new opportunities and generating novel solutions. A key principle of mission-led governance is to conduct activities in collaboration with various partners. DSIT is committed to making this collaborative approach a cornerstone of its strategy, ensuring that the government leverages the extensive expertise and experience available in all societal sectors. In this regard, DSIT collaborates closely with the Government Office for Science to ensure that the best scientific advice informs mission delivery. This is achieved through a network that includes departmental Chief Scientific Advisers, analysts, and science advisory councils across the government. The aim is to incorporate the latest evidence on effective practices into the governance process, enhancing the overall impact of the missions. |