| National debates underscore strategic aspects of research funding allocation, such as balancing grant and institutional funds or distributing support between basic and applied research. Key debates also revolve around institutional reforms, nurturing research talent, and aligning with international agendas such as the European Research Area (ERA). | |
| The largest numbers of policies support competitive research funding as well as the internationalisation in public research. | |
| Policy initiatives indicate public research organisations as beneficiaries with more frequency compared to individual researchers. | |
| Debates and initiatives often stress the importance of making the results of publicly funded research openly accessible, i.e. by promoting open science and enhanced access to research data. | |
| Policies with the largest budgets are typically institutional funding programmes that include support not only for R&D investment but also for teaching activities. |
As part of their response to the 2023 EC-OECD STIP survey, countries indicated the main policy debates around government support to their Public research systems (raw data included below in Annex A). The following issues were recurrently raised in national debates:
1. Allocation and distribution of research funding:
2. Integration and reforms of research organisations:
3. Management of research capacities:
4. International cooperation:
Figure 1 displays the number of policy initiatives reported by themes within the Public research system policy area. By a wide margin, the most frequent themes are Competitive research funding and Internationalisation in public research. The former includes different types of grant programmes and funding schemes allocated competitively, whereas the latter includes various types of incentives encouraging the internationalisation of domestic Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) and Public Research Institutes (PRIs) or building international linkages through researchers themselves. The third most recurring themes is Public research strategies, containing national agendas emphasising the research system. This is followed by Cross-disciplinary research, capturing initiatives that bring together experts from different fields to work on a common problem or goal. The fifth most recurring theme is Research and technology infrastructures, including support to facilities, tools and resources necessary for conducting scientific research and innovation, such as large-scale scientific equipment, specialised databases, supercomputing facilities, and demonstration plants.
As it is to be expected, the largest portion of initiatives in this policy area target public research actors (Figure 2). Higher education institutes (HEIs) and Public research institutes (PRIs) are more often directly addressed, though policies also target directly Established researchers, Postdocs and early-career researchers and PhD Students (in decreasing order). For all these public research actors, "open access" and "open science" are recurring keywords (obtained by hovering the corresponding bars in the figure with the mouse), which stresses the importance policies give to the accessibility of results obtained from publicly funded research. Private R&D labs are also targeted by policies, although relatively less so compared to their public sector counterparts. Firms are involved in about 40% of policies compared to HEIs and PRIs. Keywords suggest that many policies targeting Firms promote targeted research funding (e.g. towards artificial intelligence or climate change) and encourage science-industry linkages (e.g. via commercialisation). Knowledge intermediaries play a more significant role in the knowledge exchange and co-creation.
Figure 3 shows that Project grants for public research is the most frequently used instrument to support basic and applied research. It is closely followed by Strategies, agendas and plans, which are widely used by countries to give strategic direction to public research organisations, research infrastructures and their role in contributing to technological development, innovation and open access (see keywords). Institutional funding for public research is another frequent instrument (usually with higher budget expenditures compared to project grants), capturing block funding and performance contracts for public research organisations. In HEIs, resources are often used to jointly fund public research and teaching activities. Another recurrent instrument is Dedicated support to research and technical infrastructures, supporting the creation of new facilities, resources, and services that are used by science and industry actors. Interestingly, some grants are also directed to the private sector, i.e. Grants for business R&D and innovation in the interest of fostering science-industry cooperation and public research commercialisation (see relevant policy area).
Initiatives in this policy area that do not have any budget allocations typically include Strategies, agendas and plans, aiming to set out and articulate governments' vision for public research (Figure 4). This includes provisions for open access to research data and for research integrity (see keywords). As is the case in most policy areas, initiatives with smaller yearly budget expenditures (i.e. up to 5 M EUR) are more numerous. These include grants funding research that are directly targeted at scientists. Initiatives with larger budgets place further emphasis on institutional actors, e.g. by targeting HEIs, PRIs and research infrastructures. The 'training' keyword indicates that initiatives with the largest budgets (More than 500M EUR) often bundle R&D funding with teaching activities (this keyword is also present in Institutional funding for public research, as shown in Figure 3).
Figure 5 shows that Germany has reported the largest number of initiatives in this policy area, followed by the United States, Türkiye and Poland. The chart shows only the number of policy initiatives reported by countries and gives no indication of their scale or scope. The figure should therefore be interpreted with care. Clicking on a given bar in the chart will bring you to the corresponding country dashboard for Public research system policies.
Table 1 contains the answers provided by countries (and other entities) to the following question: Briefly, what are the main ongoing policy debates around government support for the public research system? You may use the table's search box to filter the data by country or keyword. You may also dowload the data in Excel format.
Table 1. Policy debates in the Public research system policy area
| Response | |
|---|---|
| Austria | According to Statistics Austria's global estimate for 2022, federal government expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) reached â¬3.9 billion, reflecting a 12.84% increase from 2021. The total public sector outlay stands at â¬4.7 billion, with the overall R&D expenditure summing up to â¬14.15 billion. Under the provisions of the Research Financing Act, the RTI Strategy 2030, and the RTI Pact 2024-26, the Ministries will roll out the strategic RTI priorities. This will be achieved through three-year performance and funding agreements with the eleven central (non-university) institutions. These strategic directives will also find indirect implementation via the objectives and activity areas highlighted in the Austrian National Development Plan for Public Universities. Presently, negotiations for the 2025-27 performance agreements with Austrian public universities are ongoing. All public universities engage in these performance agreement discussions. Initial proposals, outlined in cover letters, request universities to initiate measures in specified domains. These measures come with financial backing. Naturally, this marks the commencement of extensive negotiations, as many universities occasionally favour different priorities. Ultimately, a three-year contract is settled upon, accompanied by designated funds. For instance, our department encourages universities to engage in EU missions. In this context, a university would propose its intended method of participation. Monitoring mechanisms, in the form of indicators, are in place to ascertain the attainment of these objectives. In 2022, the National European Research Area (ERA) Action Plan secured approval from the Council of Ministers, encompassing essential elements integral to the Austrian RTI scenario. |
| Belgium - Brussels Capital | The previous few years have been marked by a significant focus on the business innovation cycle. The questions of how we can ensure that public support for Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) encompasses each stage of the cycle, and how we can ascertain that business R&D truly culminates in new or improved products entering the market or society, have been paramount. The research and innovation (R&I) mechanisms introduced in recent years have advanced the aim of covering the entire innovation cycle. The new Regional Innovation Plan of the BCR is purposed to stimulate reflection on the tools required to back entrepreneurs during the most advanced phases of innovation. A key priority in this respect will be the development of testing labs and living labs, especially through strengthened collaboration with other public bodies engaged in economic and environmental policies. An ongoing discourse pertains to the need to support not just traditional R&D actors but also non-traditional RDI players, such as social entrepreneurs and non-profit organisations. This aligns with the notion that a diverse group of actors collaborating will foster the emergence of so-called 'social' innovations that address an array of pressing societal challenges. As detailed below, such societal challenges, including climate change, pollution, mobility, and social welfare, have emerged as the main points of policy debate in Brussels. Lastly, the General Policy Declaration of the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region (2019-24 legislature) stipulates that by 2030, all public support for businesses should be channelled towards socially and ecologically responsible activities. This signifies that policy evaluators will need to adopt policy evaluation methods that are equipped to measure the societal and ecological impacts of business RDI initiatives. |
| Belgium - Federal government | In October 2022, the State Secretary responsible for science policy published his General Policy Note. Several changes are anticipated: the reform of ending research programmes, the establishment of centres of excellence, the strengthening of investments in energy transition fields, and finally, the enhancement of monitoring and evaluation within the Research and Innovation (R&I) system. The Belgian Science Policy Office has formulated a new Strategic Plan for the period 2022-2024. The strategic objectives linked to the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy concentrate on, among other things: the introduction of a fresh approach to the public by involving them as stakeholders in the research and development operations of the 11 federal scientific institutions; the pledge to an open data and open science strategy to ease access to information and science, to stimulate the re-use of research data produced by researchers, and to reinforce their collaborations; and finally, the implementation of a cross-functional research strategy, grounded in the pursuit of synergies, to optimally respond to societal and governmental priorities and to amplify support for R&I. |
| Belgium - Flanders | In the 2019-2024 government coalition agreement, the Flemish government made a commitment to achieve a 3% target for R&D intensity by 2024. This commitment involved one-time investments of EUR 195 million in R&D infrastructure over the specified period, as well as an annual increase of EUR 250 million in the R&I budget. However, due to subsequent crises, the one-time investments (EUR 75 million) and the increase in the recurring budget (EUR 100 million) for 2024 have been put on hold. It remains uncertain whether these additional investments and budget increases will be implemented, considering the current budgetary situation. Noteworthy initiatives that have been undertaken with the additional R&I budget include the implementation of an impulse program for health and innovation, resulting in the establishment of a 7th spearhead cluster. Moreover, the budget for strategic research centres has been increased, and efforts have been made to strengthen the budget of the Research Foundation Flanders. |
| Belgium - Wallonia | In 2022, the PPS identified eight main issues for government action that are relevant to Wallonia's STI Policy: - Take necessary actions in response to the current energy and economic crisis to support RDI activities. - Prioritize a long-term strategic vision for STI Policy. - RDI is an essential element of regional social and economic redeployment: achieve the objective of 1% of public resources dedicated to RDI. - Enhance the valorization of research results for increased societal impact of STI activities. - Define a concrete action plan to encourage STE(A)M domains and combat disengagement of young people in these fields. - Promote participation in European RDI programs to position Walloon STI stakeholders in international networks of excellence and innovation. - Improve the sharing of information on public support mechanisms for RDI among stakeholders. - Maintain the tax exemption on researchers' salaries to support the regional RDI ecosystem and enhance its competitiveness at the European and international levels. |
| Belgium - Wallonia-Brussels Federation | The funding allocated for research project calls in university colleges has seen a twofold increase. At present, negotiations are underway concerning a project to reform fiscal measures that support R&I. The Superior Council for Scientific Integrity (SCSI) in the Wallonia - Brussels Federation has been inaugurated. Positioned as an ultimate reference body for universities and research centres, the SCSI aims to restore confidence in all disciplines of science, both exact and human. The council comprises two committees: an advisory committee and a supervisory committee. A further challenge lies in the planned expansion of the "personnes de contact genre" network to non-university Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This move will enable the Commission on Gender in Higher Education (CoGES), a body within the Academy of Research and Higher Education (ARES), to effectively implement its agenda and address gender policies within HEIs. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | In 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina did not provide information on 'Public research system' policy debates. |
| Brazil | The primary ongoing policy debates surrounding Brazil's governmental support for the public research system revolve around two main themes: i) links with the private sector, and ii) priority-setting. Links with the Private Sector: The Brazilian public research system should be further connected with the private sector, particularly to better address the latter's needs and opportunities. To this end, the number of interactions, collaborations, and partnerships between the public research system and the private sector should be increased. This integration could be fostered throughout the governance and operation of the public research system. Following the reform of the Innovation Law (Law No. 13 243, 11 January 2016), new regulations introduced additional initiatives, such as strategic alliances and partnership agreements, to enhance connections between public research institutions and the private sector. Priority-setting: This debate primarily concerns how the public research budget should be allocated among scientific areas and industries to enable Brazil to maximise the economic and social returns on STI investments. One possible approach is to adopt mission-oriented principles for innovation policy. To augment the value-added content of key production chains, the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI) has launched the Applied Technology Centres (ATCs). These are designed to function as hubs for national laboratories and research institutions. The inaugural ATCs focus on artificial intelligence and advanced materials, including niobium, rare earth minerals, graphene, and other carbon-based nano-materials. ATC labs supplement the existing lab network and engage public research institutions and companies in both setting R&D targets and sharing costs. Another critical debate relates to the coordination of instruments and institutions funding STI, especially considering the varying levels of technological readiness, to prevent funding gaps throughout the project cycles. |
| Bulgaria | The European Commission-backed National Resilience and Recovery Plan is in progress and funding has been approved for nine strategic programmes for research and innovation at Higher Education Institutes (HEIs). Their purpose is to develop and trial a national model for the evolution of research universities. This will allow HEIs to advance to the next stage of their development and become valuable contributors to the R&I ecosystem by: 1.) Utilising and bolstering R&D capacity and cultivating highly skilled and motivated talent, thereby contributing to new knowledge generation, innovation development, and competitive technology. This also includes sharing research infrastructure between HEIs, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), and the Agricultural Academy; 2.) Reinforcing the link with industry, engendering and disseminating a spirit of entrepreneurship, and establishing enduring connections with businesses to foster industry innovation or develop new products, services, and technology, as well as jointly addressing global, social, and technological challenges; and 3.) Developing and improving the quality and specialisation of research, including through the formation of thematic coalitions among HEIs and other research organisations (like BAS, the Agricultural Academy, and others) to share resources and knowledge in response to the economy's needs. Furthermore, a project under the National Resilience and Recovery Plan is in progress to augment the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences' (BAS) innovation capacity in the realm of green and digital technologies. Co-ordination on research and innovation policy will be implemented through the Multiannual Framework Programme for Research and Innovation and via synchronised development of the research and innovation biannual work programmes. The planning of the programmes will be overseen by the relevant line minister and will be developed with full participation from representatives of the organisations involved in the research and innovation ecosystem, adhering to the principles of effectiveness and efficiency, cooperation, and involvement of the Bulgarian diaspora. |
| Canada | The Government of Canada recognises the importance of balancing investments in fundamental research with targeted investments that address current priorities, challenges, and opportunities. Several areas of debate surround government support for the public research system, including research coordination and funding, open and collaborative science, research security considerations, and equity in the development of the science, technology, and innovation (STI) talent pipeline. In terms of research coordination, the Advisory Panel on the Federal Research Support System has identified areas for improvement, such as better support for talent development, coordination of mission-oriented research funding, a cohesive approach to infrastructure funding, and stronger connections between research and innovation. Simplification and harmonisation of support for talent and the promotion of an inclusive research environment are also emphasised, including support for Indigenous and Francophone research and talent. The funding of the research system, particularly major research facilities and digital research infrastructure (DRI), is a current area of debate. The roles and responsibilities of national and sub-national levels of government in funding Canada's public research infrastructure are being discussed. Coordination and national cohesiveness are highlighted as important for streamlining services and improving researchers' access to infrastructure. Research security considerations are gaining importance, given the interconnected nature of research in today's world. Canada supports collaborations that promote mobility and freedom of science while safeguarding the security and integrity of scientific development. The government encourages open and collaborative research while recognising the increased risk of threats, including theft, espionage, and foreign interference. Balancing openness and non-discrimination with appropriate safeguards and tools is a key consideration. Increasing the participation of underrepresented groups in the public research system is another important goal. Initiatives such as the 50-30 challenge (see below explanation), Dimensions, and targeted funding allocations aim to promote gender parity, representation of underrepresented groups, and equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in research. Efforts are being made to support Indigenous students, address underfunding of Black scholars, and create a more equitable and inclusive research culture. Overall, the Government of Canada recognises the need to address various policy debates related to research coordination, funding, research security, and equity in order to strengthen the public research system and drive innovation and progress in the country. The 50 - 30 Challenge is an initiative co-created by the Government of Canada, civil society and the private sector that aims to attain gender parity and significant representation (at least 30%) of under-represented groups on boards and senior management positions in order to build a more diverse, inclusive, and vibrant economic future for Canadians. |
| Chile | The national STI policy consistently features an action plan centred on research and development (R&D), technology transfer, and licensing, all geared towards addressing the country's major challenges, such as climate change, an ageing population, and the emerging technological revolution. The ongoing discourse centres primarily on the extent to which R&D should be tailored to meet the country's challenges and the most effective methods of accomplishing this. Simultaneously, Chile has been formulating other policies to guide science, such as the artificial intelligence (AI) strategy, the STKI gender policy, the green hydrogen strategy, and a roadmap to transition Chile towards a circular economy. One of the most fascinating policy debates concerning government support for the public research system is gender parity in the allocation of scholarships for specialisation in scientific professional careers, a matter presently under discussion in the Chilean Congress. A persisting debate revolves around whether the country's research overhead is receiving adequate funding. The government predominantly finances individual projects which cannot sustain the infrastructure utilised for the research, such as university laboratories and other administrative costs. |
| Colombia | In 2023, Colombia did not provide information on 'Public research system' policy debates. |
| Costa Rica | In May 2021, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICIT) in Costa Rica has been transformed into the Costa Rican Promoter of Innovation and Research through the approval of Law 9971. The primary objective of this agency is to promote innovation and scientific and technological development as essential drivers for the productive and social development of the country. It operates by executing instruments, programs, and other guidelines of public policy established by the Executive Power through the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT). |
| Croatia | In Croatia there are 25 public research institutes and 117 higher education institutions. According to Eurostat, Croatia's R&D intensity in 2020 was 1.25%, while the country's goal is to reach a level of 2.5% by 2025. Harnessing increased budget funding for R&D to boost gross expenditures on R&D necessitates effective, performance-based funding for public research organisations (PROs) and initiatives that attract private R&D spending. However, fragmentation and weak governance in the public research sector hinder the implementation of transformative actions. Performance-based agreements with universities and scientific institutes were introduced as a pilot scheme in 2012, aiming to stimulate research excellence through a more meritocratic and transparent distribution of funds. However, as these remained optional, they constituted only a small portion of public research organisations' funding. Furthermore, implementing comprehensive performance-based financing in a highly fragmented system appeared unlikely. For several years, two main objectives of government support for the public research system have been to elevate research excellence and bridge the gap between the research and business sectors. These objectives have guided support for several decades and have intensified since Croatia joined the European Union in 2013, gaining access to EU Investment and Structural Funds. Furthermore, in order to achieve both objectives, significant investments were made to modernize research infrastructure, which was also one of critical points. For example, in period from 2014 investments were made in value of 317 million euros. The societal and economic impact of the Covid pandemic further underscored the unresolved issues in the public research system, highlighting the need for reforms that will allow the system to progress and achieve the aforementioned goals. As such, within the Croatian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) for 2021-2026, several reforms and accompanying investments have been planned under the component dealing with Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policies. It's worth noting that these are complemented by interventions from European Structural and Investment (ESI) Funds and the national budget. Three main reforms are being implemented: 1. Performance-based funding of the public research system, alongside the reorganisation of institutions to reduce fragmentation and increase efficiency. 2. Development of an incentive model for advancing researchers' careers and stimulating scientific research in STEM and ICT fields. 3. Improvement of the efficiency of public investments through a more functional programme framework for the project financing of Research, Development and Innovation (RDI). |
| Cyprus | In 2023, Cyprus did not provide information on 'Public research system' policy debates. |
| Czech Republic | The research, development, and innovation environment in the Czech Republic has undergone significant development in recent years. The government's approval of the "Innovation Strategy of the Czech Republic 2019-2030" emphasizes the priority of science, research, and innovation in the country, with a focus on knowledge-based production, technology solutions, and services. The strategy also addresses digital competences and skills development in education, the labour force, and information and communication technology experts. The National Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialisation plays a crucial role in ensuring effective allocation of resources from European, national, and local budgets to support fundamental and applied research and innovation in prioritised areas. The strategy builds on the strengths of the Czech Republic and its individual regions, aiming for targeted and smart use of economic and research capacities. It also addresses the weaknesses of the innovation system to overcome barriers to the development of the overall innovation environment. The Strategy for Smart Specialisation is essential for implementing interventions under EU cohesion policy in the field of research, development, and innovation. It is tied to and coordinates with the Partnership Agreement of the Czech Republic for the 2021-2027 programming period, which serves as the umbrella document for utilising financial resources from EU funds. The European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) play a vital role in supporting the Czech national research and innovation ecosystem. The Operational Programme Johannes Amos Comenius (OP JAK), launched in 2022, is a key instrument for developing research organisations' capacities and capabilities toward excellence. It focuses on research infrastructure modernisation, and institutional and human resources development. Alongside the National Recovery Plan, which raises funds from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility, OP JAK contributes to enhancing the qualitative level of research and innovation in the Czech Republic. Other financial instruments, such as MSCA Fellowships and the ERC CZ programme, are used based on the Seal of Excellence. Research infrastructures are a key element of the national research and innovation ecosystem, and their support is a high strategic priority for the Czech government. The Roadmap of Large Research Infrastructures of the Czech Republic serves as an overview of policy-making and public funding in this area, covering various fields such as physical sciences, engineering, energy, environmental sciences, health and food, social sciences and humanities, and e-infrastructures. State budget expenditures cover operational costs, while EU Cohesion Policy instruments, the ESIF, support investment costs for modernization. Increasing the number of project applications to EU Framework Programmes is a main goal for the Czech Republic. Measures have been implemented, such as the CZERA project, which provides services to research organisations and entrepreneurs to participate in cooperative research projects through EU Framework Programmes. The Czech Republic benefits from widening measures funded through EU Framework Programmes, enabling the creation of excellent research centres and infrastructures that are competitive both nationally and at the European level. Success in widening measures depends on national investments and reforms. One of the main reforms has been the evaluation process for research-performing organisations, introducing a new Methodology for Evaluating Research Organisations and Research, Development. The aim of this methodology is to assess research-performing organisations in a comprehensive manner, considering indicators such as research quality, performance and efficiency, societal relevance, sustainability of research results, overall institutional strategy, and international cooperation. Importantly, the assessment process under this methodology is largely based on international peer review. This approach contributes to open scientific debate and provides a platform for exchanging good practices in research, development, and innovation from an international perspective. |
| Denmark | Danish society widely recognises the significance of a well-functioning research system, particularly in terms of funding and conducting basic research. However, debates have arisen within the Danish research funding system regarding the need to enhance the organisation and future funding of strategic research. When a new government came into power in June 2019, discussions centred around how the public research system could adapt and contribute to mission-oriented research at the national level by allocating a higher proportion of research spending towards efforts to mitigate climate change. The current government, which assumed office in December 2022, has continued the mission-oriented and strategic approach to research investment. Denmark has maintained public expenditure on research and development (R&D) equivalent to 1% of the country's GDP for many years. Both the government and the parliament remain committed to allocating at least 1% of GDP annually to R&D to meet the target set in the Barcelona Declaration. However, some organisations and stakeholders advocate for regular increases in public investments in the research system, aiming to reach 1.5% of Danish GDP. In recent years, funding from private foundations for research has experienced significant growth, particularly in fields such as medicine, health, and natural sciences. In 2018, private foundations contributed DKK 3.8 billion (approximately 495 million USD PPP in 2015) to publicly-funded research, accounting for 34.5% of the externally funded R&D costs in the public sector. This presents excellent opportunities for conducting higher-quality research but also poses new strategic choices for universities and society at large. Consequently, a debate has emerged regarding how to optimise the balance between public and private funding for research at universities and other research institutions. |
| Estonia | The government's decision to distribute the yearly increase in RDI funding, with 40% directed towards the research system, 40% towards business RD support schemes, and 20% to different ministries to enhance the RDI capacities in their policy fields, has led to a decrease in RDI funding for the research system, but an increase in business-related and policy-related RDI. This decision has been met with disapproval from the academic research community due to perceived risks of research funding fragmentation and increased competitive pressure. As a result, policymakers are now seeking solutions to streamline research funding and build more synergies between different policy instruments. After a period of highly competitive research funding, Estonia achieved balance in 2019 between national grant funding and basic institutional funding for research organisations. However, due to a large number of support schemes funded from EU structural funds, which are competitive and targeted, research institutions continue to express discontent with the low proportion of institutional funding. This position is reinforced by the fact that public expenditures on higher education have seen only minimal increases since 2012, resulting in significant sustainability issues for the sector. Given that Estonia's higher education system greatly overlaps with public research organisations, this paradoxical situation of research and higher education funding is creating additional tensions. In 2022, following extensive debates in the Government and Parliament, the decision was made to commit to a 15% increase in higher education funding over the coming four years. While this is expected to alleviate some of the pressures on research funding, discussions about balancing research funding instruments are anticipated to continue. A pressing issue within the Estonian research system is attracting young talent, particularly those who speak Estonian. Doctoral studies are not very popular, and young people often pursue careers outside academia. Many promising individuals choose to conduct research in foreign institutions. This situation has triggered several reforms, with universities and research institutions now developing tenure-track models. In 2022, Estonia enacted a law enabling most PhD students to apply for the status of junior researchers, thereby becoming paid employees with at least an average Estonian wage. Additionally, new funding mechanisms have been introduced to support more active intersectoral mobility of researchers, including joint PhD studies with business and public sector employers. Active discussions are ongoing about how to enhance the knowledge intensity of Estonia's society and economy and the role the public research system plays in this regard. Several new initiatives have been launched to help RDI institutions increase their knowledge-transfer capacities and linkages, including support for researchers' sectoral mobility, proof-of-concept grants, and thematic research programmes in R&D institutions based on business-sector needs. |
| European Union | The most salient policy debate is the balance yet to be struck in supporting two different kinds of research: (i) research based on predetermined top-down priorities (i.e. close to market and applied research) evaluated on the basis of impact; versus, (ii) bottom-up basic research evaluated on the basis of excellence. A related issue is the balance between project-based competitive research funding and institutional or block funding. In this respect, an area of debate is whether evaluation and allocation mechanisms are fair (particularly bibliometrics and peer review). The top-down approach can either prioritise specific technologies or research addressing societal challenges and is aligned with the needs of society, while the bottom-up basic science approach emphasises the importance of curiosity-driven research that advances our understanding of the natural world and provides a foundation for innovation. Advocates of the top-down approach believe that public research should be directed towards solving real-world problems and should be measured by its impact on society, while advocates of the curiosity-driven approach believe that basic scientific research provides the foundation for applied research and innovation, and that scientific breakthroughs often arise from unexpected discoveries. Another relevant policy debate is the still low representation of women in leadership positions within academia. At the EU level, women made up more than 40% of academic staff on average in 2018. However, as women progress up the academic hierarchy, they only represent one-fourth (26.2%) of grade A positions, equivalent to a full professorship position. While some progress has been made in improving women's representation in decision-making and leadership roles, in 2019 women still accounted for less than a quarter (25%) of heads of institutions in the higher education sector. Additionally, in the same year, women represented just over 3 in 10 board members (31.1%) and less than one-quarter of board leaders (24.5%) at the European level. There is also a debate regarding openness and collaboration in research. Openness refers to the practice of making research data and results available to others through open access journals, databases, and repositories. This enables researchers to build upon each other's work, expedite scientific progress, and create greater impact. In recent years, there has been a growing movement towards open access publishing, with many funding agencies and universities requiring research outputs to be freely available to the public. Collaboration, on the other hand, involves working together towards a shared goal, such as researchers from various institutions or disciplines collaborating on a research project, or industry partners working with researchers to commercialise a new technology. Collaboration is particularly critical in fields such as science and technology, where progress often relies on combining different groups' expertise and resources. However, there are also concerns regarding openness and collaboration in the public research system, particularly in the context of digital technologies. Indeed, open collaboration and sharing of research data and results present potential security risks. Sensitive information about digital technology's development could be exploited by malicious actors or non-like-minded partners to launch cyberattacks on critical infrastructure or develop digital surveillance technologies to monitor and suppress citizens, undermining European values of freedom and democracy. A further current debate taking place amongst both policy makers, research performing organisations and researchers, is the need to have meaningful data about researchers' careers at national, regional and sectoral levels to allow targeted policy decisions. Thus, discussions are taking place about the data needed to be monitored such as the following three dimensions of research careers: (i) skills and training, (ii) research jobs, and (iii) mobility and exchange. Concerning the European Research Council (ERC), over the years, the Scientific Council of the ERC has taken measures on gender balance, open access, widening European participation, strengthening international participation and innovation. It has also looked at ethics review, remuneration, interdisciplinarity and the ERC's budget allocation between scientific domains. |
| Finland | Finland has had an Act in place since 1st January 2023, which seeks to increase government R&D investments to 1.2% of GDP by 2030. This Act is rooted in the long-term policy objective of increasing R&D expenditure to 4% of GDP, a goal initially set in 2017 by the Research and Innovation Council (chaired by the Prime Minister), in its vision and roadmap, as well as in the vision and roadmap of higher education and research. The concept of delineating the R&D funding level by an Act originated from a parliamentary RDI working group in December 2021. This group also agreed on other measures towards the goal, including drafting a long-term plan for the use of increases in government funding. The parliamentary working group of 2022 continued this work, publishing the first multiannual plan on the use of government funding increases in March 2023. During the parliamentary term (2023-2027), the Government will draw up an eight-year plan on R&D funding. The 2022 Parliamentary working group identified needs for additional government funding for R&D. For the public research system, these proposals include, among other things, increasing government funding for universities to secure prerequisites for basic research and further strengthen research quality; raising government funding for universities of applied sciences (for instance, to support the implementation of RDI-based continuous learning); making allocations to public research institutes to improve their competitive stance in international competition for research funding; anticipating funding for public research organisations to encourage their applications for EU and international R&D-funding; and increasing funding for national research infrastructures. Moreover, increases in funding were identified that partially target public and partly private research-performing organisations. These comprise, among other things, raising funding granted by Business Finland and the Academy of Finland to incentivise higher education institutions, research institutes, companies, and public entities to engage in long-term R&D cooperation (partnerships); and allocating funding to cooperation that assists in finding solutions to societal challenges and facilitating societal transitions, such as the green transition and digitalisation. The new government to be established in 2023 will play a pivotal role in implementing these recommendations. The key to reaching the 4% target is stimulating private-sector R&D activities, where the public research system plays a crucial part. Policy debates around the implementation of the 4% target include discussions on the ideal ratio between competitive research funding (channelled predominantly through the Academy of Finland) and basic funding provided directly to higher education institutions (HEIs) by the Ministry of Education and Culture and to research institutes by their respective ministries. Currently (as of 2021), competitive funding covers approximately 54% of R&D funding in universities, 57% in universities of applied sciences, and 58% in research institutes. This consideration is to be taken into account, in addition to the long-term plan on the use of increased government funding, within the upcoming new agreement cycle of Higher Education Institutes. Another debate involves university hospitals whose funding and opportunities for R&D activities have been central to the recent developments surrounding the reform of social and health care services. The 5 university hospitals in Finland are under the auspices of the respective wellbeing services counties that receive block funding from the government and are responsible for the organising of the hospital services in their county. R&D is one of the tasks of the Wellbeing Services Counties. Increased attention has been paid to the need for RDI experts, including PhDs, in connection with the anticipated increases in R&D investments, as well as the related need to enhance the appeal of research careers (see more in Q5.1) in all societal sectors. This debate is also linked to illuminating the multifaceted societal impact of basic research. The research community's swift response to the COVID-19 pandemic offered recent evidence of its impact, flexibility, and responsiveness, which would not have been achievable without long-term investments in academic research. Other ongoing policy debates centre on the valorisation of research findings, support mechanisms, and the optimal division of labour in the valorisation of research results. Research infrastructures, encompassing data management, high-performance computing, and artificial intelligence, continue to be crucial topics. Facilitative, research-friendly legislation persists as a significant cross-sectoral issue, with Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) taking an active role. Lastly, the aspects of equality and diversity within RDI activities, both in academia and the private sector, are receiving increasing attention. |
| France | In 2023, France did not provide information on 'Public research system' policy debates. |
| Germany | Science policy in the German public research system is primarily carried out through joint programmes (known as pacts) involving both the Federal Government and the Länder (state) governments. To enhance Germany's future viability, considerable momentum has already been generated through initiatives such as the Pact for Research and Innovation (Pakt für Forschung und Innovation), the Higher Education Pact 2020 (Hochschulpakt 2020) and the Excellence Initiative (Exzellenzinitiative), first adopted in the mid-2000s. In 2018 and 2019, the Federal Government and the Länder reached significant supplementary agreements pertaining to the continuation of federal funding for teaching tasks at universities, with a particular emphasis on improving education quality. These included the extension of the Pact for Research and Innovation from 2021 to 2030 to augment basic funding for large non-university research organisations and the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG); the development of the so-called Future Contract for Strengthening Studying and Teaching in Higher Education (Zukunftsvertrag Studium und Lehre stärken) to succeed the Higher Education Pact 2020; initiatives to boost universities of applied sciences; and a shared mechanism to fund research-data infrastructure and high-capacity computing. The Excellence Strategy (Exzellenzstrategie) of the Federal Government and the Länder seeks to reinforce cutting-edge research at universities via two funding avenues: Clusters of Excellence (Exzellenzcluster) and Universities of Excellence (Exzellenzuniversitäten). The Clusters of Excellence funding line delivers project-based funding in internationally competitive research fields at individual universities or university alliances. Conversely, the Universities of Excellence funding line strives to bolster universities or university alliances as institutions and enhance their leading international position in research, based on successful Clusters of Excellence. With the establishment of the Federal Agency for Disruptive Innovation (Bundesagentur für Sprunginnovationen SPRIND GmbH) in 2019, the German Government has added a new dimension to the public research system. Its objective is to facilitate and expedite the identification of promising ideas and their evolution towards disruptive innovations. Given that funding disruptive innovations involves high risk, the agency benefits from considerable agility and flexibility, which should be further amplified. In addition, an R&D tax-support scheme was introduced in 2020 to further encourage cooperation between businesses and research institutions. Horizon Europe, the EU's principal funding and the world's largest programme for research and innovation, replaced its predecessor, Horizon 2020, at the beginning of 2021. From January 2014 to December 2020, German institutions received â¬9.2 billion from European funds. As of June 2022, German participation in European projects stood at 13.3%, with Germany's share of the grants from Horizon 2020 at 16.4%. This places Germany at the forefront of all participating countries in terms of funds raised. |
| Greece | The revision of the National Road Map for Research Infrastructures for the 2021-27 programming period is currently under broad discussion. In the previous programming period (2014-20), 28 National Research Infrastructures (NRIs), primarily distributed, were built upon consortia from Universities and Public Research Centres. These were selected through competitive calls and supported through a Multiannual Budgeting Plan. The performance of these 28 NRIs was assessed by a panel of international experts as part of a request for services to the European Commission's Policy Support Facility - Country. These experts delivered ten recommendations for the future development and sustainability of the NRIs, both at the policy and operational levels. Following this assessment, a new PSF Open project has recently been launched, focused on providing expert support to define implementation plans addressing three recommendations from the PSF Greece Country report: 1. Development of a general framework for performance-based funding of NRIs. 2. Development of a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) reflecting the role of RIs in the national R&D system. 3. Guidelines for open science and digitalisation. The aim is to place the NRIs on a footing of long-term sustainability, fostering scientific excellence whilst contributing to meeting national socio-economic and societal challenges, in line with the 2021-2027 S3. These issues are currently being addressed in an intense dialogue between the PSF experts, representatives of Greek NRIs, national authorities, stakeholders and other high-calibre experts. Based on the recommendations of the PSF/Country-Greece Final Report, the GSRI is taking the necessary steps to revise the National Research Infrastructure Roadmap for the 2021-2027 Programming Period. The NRIs of the revised Road Map will be selected based on a competitive call that encourages transdisciplinary cooperation and appropriate consolidation of facilities and resources. A draft Call for Expressions of Interest was prepared to pre-select NRIs projects eligible for funding, and a relevant open consultation process has been completed. Evaluation criteria for NRIs, such as uniqueness in the national landscape, maturity, services to business, open access plans, FAIR criteria, and long-term sustainability, were extensively discussed. Further issues include relations to ESFRI or other international infrastructures, identification of e-needs of the thematic NRIs and cooperation with the EOSC. It is worth noting the evaluation of the Public Research Centres and their Institutes as provided by Law 4310/2014, as amended. The last evaluation of Research Institutes, conducted in 2022, was planned and coordinated by the National Council for Research, Technology and Innovation. For each Research Institute, an evaluation committee of prominent international experts in the Institute's specific field was appointed. A total of 34 Research Institutes were examined, with more than 200 international experts involved in the process. The evaluation findings include an assessment of the quality of research conducted, the contribution to socio-economic growth, the position of each institute in international competition, potential for further development, as well as recommendations about possible cooperation or synergies between institutes and research teams. The results of the evaluation were presented and discussed in an open Conference and will be uploaded to the GSRI's website. The evaluation of Research Centres which focuses on the administrative performance of the Centers, is also forthcoming. Research centers in Greece are composed of >1 Research Institutes. Each Institute is related to specific scientific field (ie ICT). So, research institutes with similar scientific fields from different Research Centers are evaluated together, regarding their scientific performance. Additionally, research centers, as organizations with many institutes, will be evaluated for their administrative capacity and performance. Additionally, a significant investment is anticipated under the Greek Recovery and Resilience plan for upgrading the infrastructures of 11 research centres and 3 technological organizations while establishing a new research center, with the aim of enhancing research capacity and capabilities in key scientific and technological areas. Greece also participates in Action 8 of the ERA Policy Agenda: "Strengthen sustainability, accessibility and resilience of research infrastructures in the ERA". Our contribution will mainly focus on the following types of activities: 1. Active participation in ESFRI and European Commission activities and events. 2. Exchange of best practices for designing national roadmaps for Research Infrastructures (RIs). 3. Drafting of national strategy and updating of national roadmap, gap and landscape analysis, criteria for prioritisation. 4. Elaboration and promotion of measures at national level for the selection and subsequent funding of RIs, including provision of access to pan-European RIs. 5. Exchange of best practices for promoting open access to national and European RIs. Increasing R&D intensity, with the larger contribution coming from the business sector, and improving innovation performance are the major challenges for R&I policies in Greece. According to the 2023 European Innovation Scoreboard, Greece is categorised in the "Moderate Innovators" cluster. However, innovation performance in recent years has rapidly improved, largely due to positive changes in innovative SMEs. This trend confirms that the efforts undertaken in previous years are starting to bear fruit. A significant push towards establishing a vibrant start-up ecosystem in Greece was given by the National Registry for innovative start-ups (Elevate Greece), created in 2020. The initiative provides a digital gateway through which Greek start-ups can apply for official accreditation by the General Secretariat for Research & Innovation, granting access to several incentives (funding opportunities, awards, networking, visibility, etc.). The Elevate Greece web platform was recently upgraded into a public company (SA), dedicated to promoting and international networking of the Greek innovation ecosystem. Additionally, a debate on streamlining legislation for spin-offs resulted in enacting a new Law (Î. 4864/2021), providing a clear, simple and operational legal framework for creating spin-offs and valorising knowledge produced in Universities and Public Research Centres. In parallel, a new initiative to incentivise patenting in SMEs is under discussion. Patenting is among the most significant weaknesses of the Greek innovation system. Lastly, the construction of two Innovation Districts, one in Attika (Chropei) and another in Thessaloniki (ThessIntec), has been approved. They will operate under a Public-Private Partnership model, providing physical collocation space for laboratories of public research entities, R&D departments of firms, academic spin-offs, innovative start-ups, and financial organisations. In this way, co-creation and networking between different elements of the quadruple helix will be strongly promoted. The attraction of direct foreign investments in R&I is also expected. For the Innovation District in Attika, a call for tenders is open until September 2023 , seeking partners from all over the world to invest more than 100Îâ¬. For the Innovation District in Thessaloniki (ThessIntec), α presidential decree is expected by October 2023 which will define the uses and building conditions in this 760 hectare area. ThessIntec has already attracted investments from Israeli investors. |
| Hungary | The transformation of the institutional and financing structures of the research institute network has become a governmental priority, aiming to create a research, development and innovation (RDI) system that can compete in capacities and infrastructure at the European level. Consequently, the entire Hungarian RDI system has been restructured, and its funding has been overhauled. Policy initiatives and general discourse have recently become more results-oriented, focusing on transitioning to applied research following initial investments in basic research. A top priority for the Hungarian government has been the transfer of higher education institutions' maintenance rights to public trusts dedicated to public service missions. This transformation significantly enhances these institutions' flexibility and facilitates cooperation with market actors. An institutional research network primarily focused on basic research, named the Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), has been established. The ELKH Secretariat is an independent public budgetary institution established by the Hungarian Parliament on 1 August 2019. It aims to manage and operate the research network in Hungary, which forms a central pillar of the country's scientific sphere. The ELKH research network currently comprises 11 research centres, seven research institutes, and 116 additional research groups operating at universities and other public institutions. They conduct basic and applied research, exploring a range of disciplines from mathematics and natural sciences to life sciences, social sciences, and humanities. ELKH's mission is to safeguard academic freedom and operate Hungary's publicly funded research network more efficiently, consistently emphasising performance, transparency, and excellence. In 2021, the Bay Zoltán National Applied Research Network was established. Its mission is to enhance its members' and the Hungarian national economy's competitiveness by coordinating applied research and development and, more broadly, the business activities of affiliated institutions. The Hungarian state also provides funding for the members for this purpose. These activities seek to strengthen the market position of the network members and, consequently, increase the volume of R&D services provided to market customers. The creation of the Network was based on the model of the Fraunhofer Society. |
| Iceland | Current policy discussions regarding government support for the public research system primarily revolve around the soft funding system, its effectiveness, and associated costs. The system includes various soft funding products or grants, with the largest and most effective ones administered by Rannis - The Icelandic Centre for Research, which falls under the Ministry for Higher Education, Science, and Innovation. The two major funding sources are the Icelandic Research Fund and the Technology Development Fund. Additionally, there are smaller funds supporting public research and technology development, managed by Rannis as well as other ministries such as the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries. The ongoing debate focuses on evaluating the efficacy and costs of the soft funding system. There is consideration for consolidating funding instruments, streamlining the application process to enhance ease of use, and ultimately improving their effectiveness and cost-efficiency. |
| Ireland | Direct public spending on research, development and innovation (i.e. Government Budget Allocations for R&D or GBARD) increased considerably in the 2000s, from â¬607 million in 2004 to a record â¬930 million in 2008. Thereafter, investment fell as a result of the economic crisis to a low of â¬719 million in 2016, but has now recovered to reach â¬952.4 million in 2021. DFHERIS funds R&I through three of its Agencies: both the Irish Research Council and Science Foundation Ireland are competitive research funders while the Higher Education Authority's block grant to the higher education institutions underpins Ireland's R&I system. In 2021, DFHERIS was responsible for the majority (52%) of Government investment in research and development (R&D), with an allocation of â¬0.5 billion. The Departments of Enterprise, Trade and Employment; Agriculture, Food and the Marine; Health; and Environment, Climate and Communications all have significant R&I budgets. When research intensity (GBARD as a percentage of economic activity) is measured using GDP rather than GNI*, Ireland's intensity rate of 0.2% in 2022 is ranked 26th in the European Union (EU27). Impact 2030 identifies the need for a resilient fundamental research base, as well as the ability to target investments towards areas of strategic societal and economic priority. Engagement between different R&I disciplines is fundamental to addressing grand challenges. DFHERIS is overseeing the drafting of legislation to amalgamate the functions and activities of the Irish Research Council (IRC: the largest competitive funder of research in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, as well as excellent research in other disciplines) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI: the largest competitive funder of research in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) to form a new R&I funding agency This will place the funding Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences research on a statutory footing for the first time and promote interdisciplinary research. It will also coordination of funding activities and result in administrative efficiencies while simplifying the suite of supports for researchers. In addition to critical sectoral research organisations such as Teagasc (agriculture, horticulture, food and rural development) and the Marine Institute, the higher education research sector provides the bedrock of Ireland's public R&I system. The sector's underpinning interconnected mission to drive talent, R&I activity and external engagement will be progressed through Impact 2030. For all universities, research is intrinsic to their undergraduate formation, enterprise collaborations, regional relationships, and international reputation. More recently, research activity represents the defining transformative step for Institutes of Technology in becoming Technological Universities. As steps are taken to improve the integration of the tertiary education system in Ireland, institutes of further education and training will also have the opportunity to contribute to the national R&I system by way of innovation diffusion, for instance through smart specialisation, regional enterprise engagement and life-long learning provision. The Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment (DETE) leads on the delivery of enterprise innovation policies and, through its enterprise development agencies, programmes and assistance to deliver on the Government's objectives for the enterprise sector and innovative businesses, delivering jobs and prosperity. DETE is particularly focused on encouraging innovative start-ups and disruptive innovation, driving industry-academic collaboration and research commercialisation, working to ensure graduates are employment ready, that Ireland participates in frontier technology ecosystems, that innovation is pervasive in all sectors of enterprise, and that the right enabling environment is in place to support an innovation economy. The public R&I system is an integral partner in progressing this agenda. |
| Israel | One issue of debate is how government agencies identify market failures in funding research and how best to rectify them. Even when such market failures are recognised and defined, there are differing opinions on the appropriate remedial actions. Another debate surrounding government support for the public research system concerns the extent to which the government should determine the technological fields being researched. When providing incentives for ground-breaking research atop public support for research institutions, a question arises: should the government dictate which technological R&D endeavours receive funding? While some contend that the government should steer research towards areas it deems important, others advocate funding any R&D that may yield societal benefits. A third type of debate centres on identifying the most efficient methods of public support for R&D. Which initiatives are the most effective? Which government offices are best positioned to support R&D in the public research system? Is it the Ministry of Education and its agencies, or government agencies oriented towards Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy? |
| Italy | The ongoing policy discourse surrounding government support for the research system revolves around four key areas, each operating at different levels: At the national level: - Strengthen scientific research in strategic domains to address future challenges, such as health, human sciences, social transformations, civil security, digitalisation, industry, aerospace, climate, energy, mobility, food, bio-economy, natural resources, agriculture, and environment. This alignment is in line with the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, with a particular emphasis on mission-oriented research. - Enhance public-private partnerships in research by establishing national research centers focused on innovative technologies. These centers will cater to the country's innovation needs and foster technology and knowledge exchange and collaboration with territories, companies, public administrations, and society as a whole. At the EU level: - Strengthen the integration of the Italian research system within the EU Research and Innovation Area, particularly through active participation in Horizon Europe Partnerships. At the international level: - Promote the internationalisation of the Italian research system through initiatives such as researcher mobility, collaborative transnational and international projects, and the development of research infrastructures. At the national level, the primary policy instrument is the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), which encompasses several measures aimed at bolstering the national research system. This includes the development of new research capacities, such as doctoral programs, research and technology infrastructures, centers of excellence, extended partnerships, and innovation ecosystems. The NRRP also supports innovation and technology transfer. Within Mission 4, Component 2, "From research to enterprise," Italy has allocated â¬9.09 billion to reinforce the research system and public-private research. At the European level, the national debate focuses on the European framework programme for research and innovation and the implementation of the ERA Policy Agenda 2024. Italy's active participation in EU Co-Funded Partnerships, with substantial budgetary and political commitment, contributes significantly to aligning national R&I agendas with the EU level and fostering transnational collaborative research. Italy is involved in all EU Co-Funded Partnerships established under the first Horizon Europe Strategic Plan and plays a leadership role as the Coordinator in the Sustainable Blue Economy Partnership. Collaboration with neighboring non-EU countries and Mediterranean countries, particularly through the proposed extension of the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA), remains a strategic focus in research policy discussions. The promotion of research internationalisation and enhancing its international attractiveness are key concerns in the current policy debate. For example, Italy's candidacy to host the Einstein Telescope (ET), a globally significant research infrastructure with immense potential for discovery and knowledge, reflects these efforts. Italy is internationally recognised for its scientific advancement and suitability to manage observatories like the ET. Space exploration and the space economy are also prominent topics on the research policy agenda, receiving attention at the ministerial level and under the supervision of the Council of Ministries. |
| Japan | In addition to investing in activities to create knowledge and drive the economic and social values necessary to realise Society 5.0, the government aims to drive public and private investment while utilising a variety of financial resources to expand business. During the period of the Sixth STI Basic Plan, the government's budget for science and technology, including the initial budget for FY2023, totaled approximately 21.9 trillion yen, making steady progress toward achieving the investment targets of approximately 30 trillion yen for government R&D investment and 120 trillion yen for public and private R&D investment. In the midst of fierce international competition, the government is working to further expand R&D investment and lead the international R&D competition. At the same time, we will take necessary measures to induce private investment by mobilizing all policy tools, such as the R&D Promotion Tax System, the SBIR system, innovation in government projects, and public procurement of research findings. |
| Korea | Since President Yoon Seok-yeol took office in 2022, the most significant issue relating to the public research system has been its direction. The government's R&D budget is on the brink of reduction due to the substantial financial deficit caused by heavy expenditures in response to COVID-19. Moreover, escalating tensions between the US and China are leading to more strategic investment in public R&D. More specific issues include: a) R&D Investment Efficiency: During the previous administration (2018-2022), Korea increased the government's R&D budget by over 8.7% annually. However, with the worsening of the country's overall financial situation, the R&D budget for 2023 has been confirmed to increase by only 5.2% compared to the previous year. As a result, it is anticipated that there will be reductions in new employment opportunities and new projects in the public R&D research field. Given the budgetary constraints, Korea faces a situation where it must strengthen the efficiency of its R&D investment. b) Focus on Critical Technologies: With intensifying US-China competition, the importance of key critical technologies has dramatically risen. In 2022, the government announced plans to invest KRW 25 trillion (around 2022 USD PPP 20 billion) in critical technologies by 2027 through the Promotion Plan of the National Strategic Technology Project and established the Public-Private Joint Council on the National Strategic Technologies. c) Mission-Oriented R&D Program: As the focus on R&D directionality is emphasised, mission-oriented policies and programmes have become increasingly vital. Government-funded research institutes are considering how to realise mission-oriented R&D, moving beyond implementing the "Roles and Responsibilities (R&R)" established by the previous government. |
| Latvia | State budget allocations to the public research system have consistently increased in recent years and remain a key priority on the political agenda. The increased state budget funding for research is primarily allocated through three instruments: increased base funding, increased funding for the Fundamental and Applied Research Programme, and the establishment of new State Research Programmes. The new base funding model for research institutions (RIs) includes additional incentives for scientific excellence, reduces administrative reporting burdens, and promotes human capital development and international cooperation. In parallel, the strategic specialisation of institutions, guided by the International Evaluation of Research Institutions (ZISI), supports their strategic development and ongoing efforts to consolidate institutions. In 2022, the legal framework for state-owned enterprises was updated to facilitate R&D investments more effectively. R&D intensity targets are outlined in the National Development Plan and the Guidelines for the Development of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy for 2021-2027. The targets set aim for R&D intensity to reach 1% of GDP by 2024 and 1.5% by 2027. State budget investments in R&D, which accounted for 0.27% of GDP in 2021, have a target of 0.3% and 0.4% of GDP for 2024 and 2027 respectively. |
| Lithuania | The most active topics being discussed within the governmental sector, involving different actors in the research field, are related to the need to increase state allocations to higher education and research institutions. Another important topic is the evaluation system, including institutional evaluation and evaluation of research activities in colleges. Ongoing discussions focus on the competencies of researchers at each of the four stages of the research career (first stage researcher, recognised researcher, established researcher, leading researcher), as defined in Lithuania's national legislation. There is a debate about which competencies should be mandatory and which could be considered additional. The Ministry of Education, Science and Sport supports the development of researchers' competencies based on the European Framework for Researchers. Lithuania has updated the career model for researchers and teachers. Adopted amendments to the Law on Science and Studies form the conditions for introduction of the European research career model in higher education and research institutions. A more attractive career model for researchers will be created by clearly defining the stages of researcher's career: following the EU recommendations, the researcher's career is divided into 4 levels according to the researchers' experience and achievements in scientific activities. The provisions of the Law on Science and Studies on classification of researchers' career into stages will enter into force on 1 January 2024. Mandatory competencies for researchers of each level were set by the Order of the chairman of the Lithuanian Research Council 'On the approval of the list of mandatory competences for the career stages of researchers of scientific and study institutions' (29/06/2023). This description also provides the desired competencies for all 4 career stages. Attracting talents from foreign countries and encouraging Lithuanian researchers working abroad to return to our country are also key priorities. Simplifying administrative processes and reducing the bureaucratic burden for researchers are often emphasised as important factors, as well as making researcher careers more attractive to young people. The National Agreement on Education Policy, the second such agreement after one for the defence sector, was signed by all political parties represented in the Seimas (Parliament of Lithuania) in 2021. It stipulates that from 2022 onwards, with annual growth of state funding, state budget allocations for R&D activities in higher education and the government sector should reach at least 1% of GDP by the end of 2030. In line with the National Agreement on Education Policy, European Research Area documents, and the 2021-2030 National Progress Programme, the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport created the Research Development Programme 2022-2030, which was adopted by the Government in 2022. The programme consists of three progress measures: strengthening innovation ecosystems in science centres, improving the research and higher education environment, and implementing mission-based research and innovation programmes in collaboration with the Ministry of Economy and Innovation. These measures aim to ensure and promote attractive careers for researchers, high-level R&D, knowledge transfer, cooperation with businesses, and the role of science in solving societal challenges with a mission-oriented approach. One of the outputs of the Research Development Programme, which began in 2023, is the establishment of positions for science and innovation officers in all ministries and the government itself, to strengthen the role of R&D in all policy fields. Additionally, to enhance the visibility of Lithuania's science field internationally, a "Horizon Europe" acceleration plan with specific measures has been created. |
| Luxembourg | Time has now come to consolidate the achievements of the past and to accompany research and innovation activities in such a way that they serve the implementation of the Luxembourg 2030 vision of a sustainable knowledge society and hence contribute to the future prosperity of the country. In the governmental programme 2018-2023 and in line with the targets of the Europe 2020 strategy defined at European Union level, the government aims at raising public investment in research and development to 1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) by 2023 for the public and private sector, while 'maximising the efficiency of the investment and the action deployed'. According to the governmental programme, 'the University and the public research centres will dedicate the additional funding to a limited number of priority areas with a strong socio-economic potential and which contribute to international visibility.' This has been performed by the national research and innovation strategy which is now being implemented. Furthermore, a trans- and interdisciplinary approach in public research as well as the transfer and use of research findings in priority areas should be encouraged in order to foster economic diversification in priority sectors such as the automobile industry, biotechnologies, environmental technologies, space technologies, information and communication technologies and logistics. The National Research and Innovation Strategy aims to contribute to the achievement of the goals defined in the governmental programme and to address the challenges identified by the OECD in its innovation review in 2016. It is currently being implemented. The horizontal coordination is taking care of by the Strategic Steering Group, chaired by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research and gathering all major actors, i.e. the University of Luxembourg, the 3 CRP as well as the National Research Fund. Major topics that are discussed: - interinstitutional cooperation - cross-sectoral cooperation - maximising of investments - how to define and measure impact - questions of open science etc. |
| Malaysia | Currently, R&D in Malaysia's public sector is led by public universities and public research institutions. Business enterprises - both local and foreign-owned - also engage in research, development and commercialisation to ensure their products and services can command high prices in the global market. However, over the years, Malaysia's R&D allocation has focused more on basic research (39.3% of R&D expenditure in 2018) than experimental development research (24.5%), indicating the lack of potential for commercialisation of R&D output. Acknowledging the critical role of R&D, especially in commercialising advanced technologies and products to support economic growth, Malaysia's own R&D will move towards becoming more industry-driven. It will invest more in experimental development research, identifying national priority areas and improving national co-ordination, and strengthening government-industry-academia collaborations to optimise R&D outputs that meet industrial demands. Malaysia has also established a RMA, which will act as a central co-ordinating body for R&D, administering the disbursement of funds efficiently and accountably, evaluating proposals and monitoring the progress of publicly funded research. The RMU will also play a larger role - including co-ordinating research priorities across ministries and agencies to reduce redundancy and duplication in R&D - once its management has properly been set up, with a clear separation of roles between the RMU and other ministries. The government is also focusing on implementing the Technology Commercialisation Accelerator for R&D products and establishing the Malaysian Science Endowment as an alternative fund, to reduce dependency on government R&D funding. |
| Malta | The PSF Peer Review of Malta's R&I ecosystem placed emphasis on the importance of upscaling and strengthening the national R&I governance framework to better support public R&D, private R&D, and public-private R&D cooperation. This is reflected in the draft R&I Strategic Plan 2023-2027, with the first goal dedicated to strengthening R&I governance with a set of dedicated measures to this end. In tandem with this, the ensuing goals (second third and fourth) all include measures focussed, inter alia, on strengthening Government support for the public research system. Recommendations include the consolidation of various R&I funding instruments into a single coherent framework, increasing knowledge sharing across the Government's scientific class and streamlining the development of R&I priority setting. Malta will also look to capitalize on the opportunities emanating from the framework programme and the ERA Policy Agenda to boost the capacities and potential of the local R&I community, to encourage better national and institutional cooperation, to foster the production, diffusion and uptake of high-quality knowledge and to stimulate collaborative links and networks with other EU countries. Combined, these activities will help contribute to augmenting and enhancing both the overall competitiveness and inclusiveness of the national R&I ecosystem. The MCST, as the national entity responsible for promoting the R&I framework programme, makes available the services of the Horizon Europe national contact points (NCPs) to encourage and support local R&I actors to apply for funding under the programme's various Widening instruments. To date, Maltese applicants have successfully applied and received funding from a variety of these instruments, including Twinning, Excellence Hubs, ERA Chairs, ERA Talents and the Hop-on Facility. Furthermore, Malta will be participating in the activities in the ERA action 16 sub-group on 'access to Excellence - R&I and Cohesion Managing Authorities network'. Malta will use the information shared, knowledge exchanged, and the experience gleaned from this sub-group to build upon and maximize R&I investments and synergies between the Horizon Europe and ERDF funding programmes. This opportunity is particularly pertinent for the country, given that Malta has transferred 5 million Euros, under the Operational Programme 2021-2027, from ERDF to Horizon Europe. |
| Mexico | The new General Law on research has a key objective of promoting universal knowledge through supporting basic and frontier science research across all areas and fields of scientific knowledge. This support is especially emphasised for research conducted in universities, higher education institutions, and public research centres. This support will be provided through dedicated mechanisms. Universities, higher education institutions, and research centres receiving public funding will be obligated to conduct research in basic and frontier science. The main orientation is to promote, carry out and support activities of humanistic and scientific research, technological development and innovation that lead to the well-being of the Mexican people, including the conservation, restoration, protection and improvement of the environment. The resources, capacities and infrastructures of the public sector shall always be at the service of the Mexican people, and their use, development and exploitation shall be subject to the public interest, in order to guarantee the exercise of the human right to science, as well as human rights in general. The General Law on Humanities, Sciences, Technologies and Innovation is the result of a broad and intense collective process of construction and validation over four years, involving organizations and institutions from the public, private and social sectors, as well as from the national academic and university spheres. The COVID pandemic strongly highlighted the need to make these changes, as there was no developed capacity to deal with the contingency, but it was not the main reason for modifying it. The General Law on HCTI, published on 8 May 2023 and entered into force the next day, regulates the actions of the public sector in relation to the human right to enjoy the benefits of scientific and technological progress and its applications, as well as the transfer of technology and the development, dissemination and application of scientific and technological knowledge that promote national development. This implies the promotion and support of scientific research and the guarantee of open access to the information derived from it, particularly in areas of priority for the country's development or relevant to the solution of major national problems. This law consists of the following titles: - Title one: The human right to science as a basis for public policy. - Title two: The National System and the bases of coordination. - Title three: Promotion and funding of the humanities, sciences, technologies and innovation. - Title four: Open access to publicly funded information in the humanities, sciences, technologies and innovation - Title five: The National Council - Title six: National System of Public Centres The law stipulates that the competent bodies must adapt the Special Programme for Science, Technology and Innovation to the provisions of this law within a maximum period of 180 days. After such adaptation, the corresponding planning instruments are to be issued within 180 days. We are currently in the process of adapting PECiTI, which will now become the Special Programme for Humanities, Sciences, Technologies and Innovation. It is important to note that there will be federal elections in 2024, so it will be necessary to design a new Special Programme for the next six years. Article 42 of the General Law on HCTI states that the advancement of universal knowledge should be promoted by supporting basic and frontier scientific research in all fields and areas of scientific knowledge, especially when carried out in universities, higher education institutions and public sector research centres. The Ministry of Public Education, in coordination with the National Council, shall define the appropriate cooperation mechanisms to promote humanistic and scientific research programmes, technological development and innovation in universities and higher education institutions. The mechanisms available to fulfil this mandate are therefore being reviewed. |
| Netherlands | Financing of the education and research system: A large study on the costs of research and education in relation to the available budget showed that current expectations of the system are not matched by the available funding. The study also showed that the inter-connectedness of the education and research budget results in some challenges its equal division. More emphasis on clear university profiles: There exist opportunities to make the Netherlands an internationally competitive knowledge hub and centre. A clear profile helps attract talented researchers from abroad, and forges better connections with other international and national research institutions, companies and civil society organisations. It is also a way of putting the Netherlands more firmly on the map as a country that develops and uses world-class knowledge. University sector plans (Sectorplannen), and setting areas of focus at universities of applied sciences, are useful tools in this regard. To this end, the instrument of sectoral plans has been funded and launched both in beta and technical sciences and in social sciences and humanities. The instrument emphasises providing permanent contracts and increasing diversity, notably by hiring more people from underrepresented groups in the related fields. The first results appear promising, and the effects will be formally evaluated at a later stage. Academic culture and working conditions: A recent report of the Inspectorate for Social Affairs and Employment (Inspectie SZW) showed that universities pay due attention to their staff's workload, but less attention to other aspects. Current action plans proposed by universities seem underequipped to solve problems related to work pressure, undesirable behaviour and discrimination. The ministry will work together with the sector to design a course of action over the coming months. Increasing attention is also being paid to creating a safe and healthy academic culture where everyone can thrive, including actions on harassment, diversity and inclusion. The debate about rewarding and recognising scientific efforts more broadly was kickstarted in 2019 and is still quite topical. The new style of recognition and rewards aims to include leadership, education, impact, teamwork and patient care in the research and innovation system, in addition to publications. |
| New Zealand | The key policy debates are detailed in the Te Ara Paerangi - Future Pathways White Paper 2022. New Zealand requires a Research, Science, and Innovation (RSI) system that is well-prepared for the future and elevates the well-being of all citizens. This is particularly important as we grapple with stringent economic conditions, social equity and inclusion challenges, and the climate emergency. The White Paper reflects stakeholders' strong desire for transformative change, promoting collaboration among researchers rather than competition, and honouring Te Tiriti (Treaty of Waitangi) and its obligations. Existing RSI policies inadequately address Te Tiriti, and New Zealand encounters difficulties in attracting and retaining Māori and Pacific Peoples due to structural barriers in the workforce. There is a palpable lack of opportunities for early to mid-career researchers, coupled with a challenging and precarious work environment which they must navigate. Increasingly, it is critical for New Zealand not only to produce excellent research but also to translate that into significant impact , i.e. tangible improvements in the lives of New Zealanders. To create such an impact, policies should concentrate on nationally significant priorities. The Government's investment needs to shift from areas of traditional strength towards sectors crucial for New Zealand's future well-being and prosperity. Setting National Research Priorities will provide the strategic direction required to address New Zealand's most pressing economic, environmental, and social challenges and opportunities. Besides National Research Priorities, it is important to facilitate connections between research organisations, end-users, health agencies, social enterprises, and the government to deliver impact. The RSI system needs sharper focus to accelerate the excellent work undertaken by researchers and innovators. This will facilitate the creation of superior jobs and foster improvements in work methodologies. It is essential that the RSI system incorporates Te Tiriti and becomes more responsive to Māori and Pacific Peoples, thereby improving these communities' wealth and resilience. This involves suitable representation at all levels and creating opportunities for Māori to pursue their own priorities and aspirations. Lastly, the research system needs to become more sustainable and resilient. The Government will ensure that public research organisations have the scope and scale to adapt to emerging priorities . There will also be long-term funding for public good science services needed for government regulatory and monitoring functions. |
| Norway | The revised Long-term Plan for Research and Higher Education (2023-2032) promotes a stable and coordinated organisation of the Norwegian research and higher education system. As a follow-up to the Long-term Plan, the government will also develop a white paper on the research system, examining the interaction between different R&D sectors, the role and mandate of the Research Council of Norway, and other related topics. Norwegian higher education institutions (HEIs) receive a relatively stable share of core funding, enabling long-term investments in strategic focus areas and basic research. However, the Norwegian Parliament has recently requested a greater alignment of funding allocation to HEIs with the needs of the labor market. As a result, the government has initiated a review of the funding system for HEIs in Norway. In contrast, research institutes in Norway rely more on commercial income. Over time, the policies for research institutes have been complex and lacking coordination. To address this, the government introduced an "institute policy strategy" in 2020 to review existing policies and explore new measures for a more comprehensive research institute policy framework. Collaboration with the European Union in research and innovation is a fundamental aspect of Norwegian research policy. Norway participates in Horizon Europe, the new framework programme for R&D (2021-2027), as well as the development of the European Research Area.. These initiatives represents a significant investment and aim to prioritise investments and reforms in R&I to support the green transition and address societal challenges, including the SDGs. The issue of accessing public-sector data for research purposes has been a subject of debate. The research community has raised concerns about the time-consuming, costly, and unpredictable nature of accessing crucial registry data and the underutilisation of high-quality health information due to unnecessary barriers. This topic is addressed in the Meld. St. 22 (2020-2021) Data as a Resource Report to the Storting (white paper) and Meld. St. 5 (2022-2023) Long-term Plan for Research and Higher Education. The establishment of a Health Analysis Platform was discontinued following the Schrems II Judgment. An alternative plan is to repurpose IT platforms in universities for secure access to health information for research purposes. |
| Peru | Various public actors within the National System of Science, Technology, and Innovation (SINACTI) of Peru recognise the importance of developing a public research system that facilitates collaboration and synergy between basic and applied research. The System should enable the generation of knowledge across various sectors and national priority areas, while also increasing the financial resources dedicated to its consolidation and maintenance. The public research system should focus on generating knowledge related to technological applications stemming from the digital revolution, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the internet of things (IoT). These areas are of significant importance and will disrupt society in the medium and long term. |
| Poland | A commonly held view within the scientific community, echoed repeatedly by various scientific bodies, is there insufficient funding for the science and education system, notwithstanding its growth in recent years. It is highlighted that while per capita purchasing power in Poland reached 77% of the EU average in 2021, expenditure per capita on scientific activities is only 27% of the European Union average. According to numerous analyses, the potential of Polish personnel in terms of qualifications offers promising socio-economic development opportunities. For instance, the Harvard Business Review places Poland fifth among the world's best qualified labour markets. Simultaneously, it is underscored that public funding limitations hinder the proper utilisation of this potential, resulting in: - a low number of doctoral students, - limited mobility (scientific trips) of scientists, - a small number of doctorates obtained abroad and joint publications with researchers from other countries, - low position in the EU concerning publications primarily linked to basic research, - incomplete utilisation of the research infrastructure, which, prior to 2017, was relatively amply supported from both the domestic and European Union funds. As the Institute for Contemporary Civilisation Issues (Warsaw, 2022, p. 43) highlighted in "DziaÅalnoÅÄ naukowa - niedoceniany czynnik rozwoju cywilizacyjnego Polski'; ('Scientific Activity - the Underestimated Factor of Poland's Civilizational Development"), "The scientific community, particularly the technical community, has been pointing to a significant, systemic gap in research funding for years, as support from the National Science Centre and the National Centre for Research and Development undervalues applied research." This situation fosters at best incremental innovations. It doesn't afford many opportunities for creating groundbreaking solutions or implementing 'proof of concept' verification projects. The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) and the National Science Centre (NCN) are so-called executive agencies within the meaning of the Act on public finances, established to carry out tasks in the field of science, science and technology and innovation policy of the state. The mission of the NCN is to support scientific activity in the field of basic research, i.e. experimental or theoretical work, while the NCBR's task is to support Polish research units and enterprises in creating and using the results of scientific research in practice. NCN and NCBR cooperate in the implementation of their tasks. A regular platform for discussing science policy issues are review conferences organised by the Ministry of Education and Science. These events highlight the progress of universities participating in the "Excellence Initiative - Research University" programme (an important part of the 2018 reform established by the new Law on Higher Education and Science). Review conferences allow participating universities to share and discuss their experiences - both in terms of successes and challenges - in implementing strategic change to promote excellence in research and teaching. They also provide a nationwide platform for broader debates on significant issues affecting public research policy. In line with the new State Scientific Policy adopted by the government in 2022, wide-ranging support for the demands put forward by scientific bodies is envisioned. The scientific research policy of Poland aims to support the execution of high-quality research and the optimal utilisation of scientific knowledge while ensuring the autonomy of higher education institutions. The fundamental objective for science is to meet the needs of society and the economy, contribute to enhancing the quality of life, and build Poland's competitive edge in the international arena. To realise this, the full potential of Polish science and higher education must be opened. This will be achieved by: - prioritising activities, - continually improving the quality of teaching and research, - increasing the attractiveness of research and academic careers, - transferring knowledge and technology from academia to industry and striving for technological self-sufficiency through creating Polish know-how, - supporting academic mobility, - cultivating a positive image of Polish science globally and strengthening its international impact. |
| Portugal | In recent years, the structure of the Portuguese research and innovation (R&I) system has evolved through the diversification of R&D Units, Associate Laboratories, and Research Infrastructures and the creation or consolidation of entities with broader, complementary roles, such as Collaborative Laboratories and Technological Interface Centres, to strengthen the links between higher education institutions (HEIs) and other sectors and improve the competitiveness of the overall ecosystem and the country. In this changing and challenging context, a revision of the Legal Regime of Higher Education Institutions (RJIES), which has been in force since 2007, was deemed necessary. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) appointed a commission to envisage changes in the legal regime that will allow to strengthen universities and polytechnic institutes within a framework of stability and autonomy, while simultaneously providing the tools for the successful pursuit of their different missions. The commission's conclusions, due by the end of 2023, will be the subject of public discussion with stakeholders before implementing any legal alterations. Enhancing the integration between teaching activities in higher education and scientific research is expected with the revision of the Scientific Research Career Statute, which was initiated in early 2023. Currently, the research workforce financing is heavily dependent on competitive funding, and there is a need to create conditions for more sustainable, attractive, and diverse research careers. The MCTES is also committed to reviewing the funding model of public HEIs. The policy debate centres on how to distribute funding according to clear criteria while ensuring the stability of the higher education system. In this context, Portugal commissioned an OECD study to assess the current funding model, which relies primarily on historical budget allocations, and guide the implementation of a new model. In the future, core (formula-based) financing could be complemented with funding through multiannual contracts with each institution to meet their territorial, social, and demographic specificities. The OECD report notes that a new allocation model will require a transitional period and increased resources. One of the long-term goals for the Portuguese science system is to reach an overall investment in R&D of 3% of GDP by 2030, with public and private spending representing 1.25% and 1.75%, respectively. In 2021, R&D private expenditure represented 1.04% of the GDP (businesses and not-for-profit sectors) while public expenditure represented 0.65% (State and Higher Education sectors). Public expenditure was mainly driven by the HE sector, with the Government sector playing a much smaller role (0.56% and 0.08% of the GDP, respectively). The public research system is pivotal in achieving national and European targets in priority areas, such as the green and digital transitions and the Sustainable Development Goals. Public higher education and R&D institutions must secure funding from a variety of sources other than the State Budget, including competitive European funds managed centrally (Horizon Europe Program), structural funds (from Portugal 2030, organised around thematic and regional programs to develop the economy, society, and territory), and the Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP). Increasing private investment in R&D is a challenge that will entail significant structural change, with businesses developing in-house research facilities, incorporating knowledge from external R&D services, and employing highly qualified workers. This will be crucial to maintain the recent trajectory and achieve the targets set for the end of the decade. |
| Republic of North Macedonia | In 2023, Republic of North Macedonia did not provide information on 'Public research system' policy debates. |
| Romania | The national research and development system comprises all organisations, both public and private, that are authorised to conduct R&D as their primary activity, such as research institutes and universities. Some entities, like companies, are permitted to carry out this type of work despite having a different primary purpose. Romania has 55 public higher education institutions (comprising 407 faculties) and 35 private higher education institutions (comprising 139 faculties). There are 43 National R&D Institutes (INCDs) coordinated by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation (MCID), predominantly in technical and engineering fields, with a few others under the remit of different ministries. The Romanian Academy (RA) oversees 51 research institutes and 18 research centres. RA institutes receive direct funding from the state budget and function under the direction of the Academy's scientific sections. The National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialisation 2022-2027 (SNCISI) calls for individual evaluations of all public research organisations. One of its objectives pertains to 'Competitive Public Research Organisations (PROs)' and tackles the issues of fragmentation and insufficient funding, which are root causes of the PROs' lack of competitiveness. The National Recovery and Resilience Plan's (PNRR) Reform 5, titled 'Support to integrate the research, development and innovation organisations in Romania in the European Research Area', also emphasises the need for more profound reforms. The reform outlined in the PNRR goes further than the SNCISI by stating that 'the periodic evaluation shall identify synergies and potential mergers among research institutes, and access to financial and non-financial support for research organisations shall depend on the results of these periodic evaluations'. Law no. 25/2023 provides necessary stipulations for the voluntary integration of research, development and innovation organisations into the European Research Area (ERA) and for amending Government Ordinance no. 57/2002 on scientific research and technological development. Furthermore, the SNCISI seeks to address the perennial challenges faced by the national RDI system: underfunding, lack of predictability, and a dearth of skilled personnel. However, the instruments implementing SNCISI are still in the early stages of deployment, and further analysis on these topics is needed. |
| Serbia | Serbia is currently in the process of changing its institutional funding for R&D to establish a stable and development-oriented research institution funding framework. Additionally, project funding is being introduced to support the best researchers through competitive projects. The adoption of the Law on the Science Fund in late 2018 was a prerequisite for this transformation, and the establishment of the Science Fund in 2019 marked a significant step towards competitive project funding. The introduction of project-based funding through the Science Fund represents a significant step towards fostering research relevance, excellence, competitiveness, and international recognition in Serbia's public research system. Project-based funding through the Science Fund plays a pivotal role in enhancing the relevance of research in Serbia. By aligning research projects with national priorities and societal needs, it ensures that research activities are directly contributing to the country's socio-economic development. This strategic alignment also fosters research excellence by encouraging scientists to tackle pressing challenges and produce high-impact outcomes. Furthermore, project funding creates a competitive environment within the research community. Researchers are incentivized to propose innovative, high-quality projects that can secure funding based on their scientific merit. NITRA continues to coordinate research sector reforms under the "Serbia Accelerating Innovation and Growth Entrepreneurship (SAIGE)" project, which is being implemented during 2019-24. The total value of SAIGE is â¬84.5 million, financed by a loan from the World Bank (â¬43 million) and The Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) 2019 (â¬41.5 million). Under the sub-component "Reforms of Research and Development Institutes (RDIs)", SAIGE supports the development and implementation of institutional transformation plans for selected RDIs. As of November 2022, 18 RDIs have participated in the transformation plan reforms. SAIGE provides incentives, financial support, and technical assistance to selected RDIs to enhance the excellence and relevance of their research, strengthen management capacity, and implement institutional transformation. |
| Slovak Republic | Slovakia's overall management of the research and innovation system has been inadequate for a long time and the proposed measures to improve this situation are stagnating. The biggest obstacle to the system is its fragmentation and the weak cooperation and coordination of support between the responsible institutions. It is necessary to improve the level of research and development and the innovation potential of the Slovak Republic and thus improve its competitiveness through fundamental reforms and strengthening of funding. Component 9 that is a part of the Slovak Recovery Plan will play a mayor role in supporting the public research system as it focuses on "More effective management and strengthening of research, development and innovation funding'. Its main objective is to improve the level of R&D and innovation potential of the Slovak Republic and thus its competitiveness through fundamental reforms and strengthening of funding. In order to achieve these goals, it aims to stimulate private participation in research, development and innovation, measured through an increase in private R&D expenditure to 0.6% of gross domestic product (GDP) (2024) for a total expenditure of 1.2% of GDP. |
| Slovenia | With the adoption of the new legislation in 2021, which changed significantly the research system in different aspects, such as increasing the public funding to 1% of GDP (till 2027), block (lump-sum) funding of research institutions, increased autonomy of institutions, introduction of key performance indicators and negotiations for six-year performance agreements, introduction of incentive pay for researchers, involvement of different ministries in science policy and science financing and the new strategic framework, the Resolution on the Slovenian Scientific Research and innovation Strategy 20230, the debate is now focused on the practical implementation of the whole-government approach, improving co-operation between different ministries and agencies, stabilization and thematic concentration of funding, international co-operation, actions for improving the knowledge transfer, improving synergies and enhancing implementation of open science principles in the research system. The debate is ongoing at different levels, including ministerial working groups, political discussions, and general public debate. The established Development Council of Republic of Slovenia is important strategic advisory body, which include all relevant stakeholders, furthermore, within Recovery and Resilience plan, new programme committee for operational coordination of STI policy was established, which provides a good platform for improving the co-operation. To support the improved governance of STI, TSI instrument is being implemented. Better coordination and cooperation between key public policy actors and stakeholders in the R&I system has been identified in the past as a key challenge to boost investment, increase competitiveness and ensure sustainable economic growth and development. Furthermore, within the reforms of the Recovery and Resilience plan, activities for improving the supporting environment for international co-operation are being implemented. Synergies between different funding is strengthened between Horizon Europe, RRF, ESIF and national funding. |
| South Africa | Key among the ongoing debates is the issue of increased R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, which has remained stagnant for several years. In particular, the focus is on increasing private sector investment in R&D, which has been declining compared to government investment. The South African Government provides full support for undergraduate students whose total combined parental income is below a certain threshold. However, some parents whose total income exceeds the threshold still find university fees too prohibitive for their children, leading to a funding gap known as the 'missing middle.' The issue of private sector investment for postgraduate funding and 'missing middle' students is a significant point of discussion. The matter of postgraduate student support has also gained traction. Another major policy debate revolves around equitable funding between research and innovation, even though the separation between the two is artificial. Renaming the Department of Science and Technology to the Department of Science and Innovation has required allocating resources to innovation activities in various spaces, such as communities, technical and vocational colleges, and others. This shift from research to innovation has prompted questions about funding research and its impact and relevance, making research communication as important as other metrics for measuring its impact. Discussions on multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research have also occupied the public policy space, along with issues of open access and unfettered access to publicly funded research. |
| Spain | Long-discussed necessary reforms of the Public Research System, vital both for universities and public research organisations (PROs), are central commitments and milestones in the Spanish Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (PRTR in Spanish). The Spanish Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy (EECTI 2021-2027) establishes the principles, targets, and action lines for public and private research, development, and innovation (RDI). It promotes co-operation and governance mechanisms, administrative collaboration and agility, a gender and inclusive perspective, and social and economic responsibility in RDI. The generation of scientific knowledge and leadership is one of the targets defined in the EECTI, underpinned by two main pillars: 1) quality and scientific excellence and 2) open science. Regarding the first pillar, the reorganisation, integration, and merger of some state-managed PRIs (OPIs in Spanish) will improve the coordination of their research activities and scientific and technological services, provide necessary management tools, and reinforce their role as strategic actors at the national and EU levels. With this reform, the State aims to have larger, stronger, and more resilient public research centres. Concerning the second pillar, EECTI supports contributing to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) by fostering the development of interoperable and fully operational digital infrastructures. It also encourages participation in the adaptation of digital repositories. Additionally, the first National Open Science Strategy (ENCA 2023-2027 in Spanish) was approved in May 2023, as a result of joint work by the Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Ministry of Universities, involving relevant stakeholders. Moreover, a series of important actions and regulation reforms have recently taken place, designed to improve the Spanish STI System in line with recommendations from the European Commission. Two main reforms are currently underway: - The reform of the STI Law (2022), with three key areas of focus: 1) improving governance; 2) strengthening human resources, including the development of a new scientific career pathway and improving working conditions for research staff; 3) promoting knowledge transfer and public-private collaboration, including the improvement of regulation for the Knowledge Transfer Offices (OTCs in Spanish), e.g. adding knowledge transfer to society among their functions. The 'Knowledge exchange and co-creation' section provides more details about the reform. - The new University System Act (2023), designed to extend the role of universities in experimentation, innovation, and participation . It also aims to promote inter- and multi-disciplinarity, knowledge co-creation and dissemination across society through Open and Citizen Science, and internationalisation and talent attraction. Other improvements are expected in the STI System, including (i) developing a capacity map that will facilitate better knowledge of the groups and centres working in each thematic area and (ii) creating a web repository to publish calls, thus enhancing the visibility of funding opportunities. |
| Sweden | A committee is currently reviewing the structure and organisation of the Swedish research funding organisation (RFO) landscape, with a primary focus on the setup and organisation of the public research funding agencies. In 2022, four public research funding agencies proposed a new model for allocating a portion of the general university funding (GUF) based on a government request. This proposal aims to strengthen strategic profiling in universities. However, no political decisions have been made regarding this proposal. Public-sector funding for research and development (R&D) accounts for approximately 0.8% of the gross domestic product (GDP). The overall intensity of R&D, expressed as a percentage of Swedish GDP, was 3.4% in 2021. In 2023, the work on the next research and innovation bill will begin, outlining the focus and ambitions for public research policy from 2024 to 2028. The bill will also address the allocation of basic funding. |
| Switzerland | The new ERI Dispatch for the period 2025-2028, which is currently undergoing parliamentary consultation, outlines strategic priorities for research in Switzerland. These priorities include: 1. Intensifying interdisciplinary approaches and cooperation at the national and international levels: The Dispatch emphasizes the importance of breaking down silos and promoting collaboration across different disciplines and institutions. This approach aims to foster innovation and address complex challenges through the integration of diverse perspectives and expertise. 2. Promoting thematic research: The Dispatch recognizes the value of focused research on specific themes or topics. By prioritizing thematic research, Switzerland aims to advance knowledge and address societal needs in targeted areas of importance. 3. Fostering the adoption of open science practices and coordination of data use and infrastructure: The Dispatch highlights the importance of open science principles, such as making research data openly available and accessible. It emphasizes the need for coordination in data use and infrastructure to facilitate seamless collaboration and maximize the potential for data-driven research. Transversal issues, such as digital transformation, sustainable development, and equal opportunities, are considered significant challenges that cut across various areas of ERI funding. The responsibility for addressing these issues lies with the institutions within the ERI system, and they are primarily tackled within the existing funding instruments, structures, and processes. Here are some examples of how these transversal issues are being addressed: 1. Open Research Data (ORD): Switzerland has developed a national strategy for open research data, which promotes the application of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles to publicly funded research data. The strategy aims to consolidate infrastructure, develop supportive framework conditions, and facilitate skill development and sharing of best practices among researchers. 2. Sustainable development: Many institutions within the ERI system have made sustainable development a strategic focus. Initiatives such as National Research Programs (NRP) address topics related to sustainable development, exploring opportunities and risks in areas such as energy transformation and the sustainable economy. The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences play a crucial role in connecting researchers from different disciplines and facilitating interactions with stakeholders in politics, society, and the economy. 3. Equal opportunities and diversity: The ERI system recognizes the importance of promoting equal opportunities and fostering diversity. The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) aims to create an open and fair research culture, support work-family reconciliation, and ensure diversity and equal opportunities in research. Institutions like the ETH domain focus on motivating and promoting women and girls in STEM fields. The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences are committed to connecting girls and women in research and improving their career opportunities. Overall, Switzerland is actively addressing transversal issues by implementing specific strategies, programs, and initiatives within the existing ERI funding framework. The aim is to promote open science, sustainable development, and equal opportunities in research and innovation. |
| Thailand | In 2020, R&D spending in the public sector reached THB 66.3 billion, equivalent to 32% of gross expenditures on R&D (GERD). This expenditure rose by 10% from the previous year due to the government's efforts to stimulate the economy amidst the pandemic. The merger of higher education and science prompted a thorough examination of the research and innovation system in Thailand. Consequently, organisations in the research and innovation system have been re-classified into six categories, as published in the Royal Gazette on 7 February 2022. 1. Policy, strategy, plan, and budget organisations include the Office of National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council (NXPO) and Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI). 2. Funding organisations comprise the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), National Innovation Agency (NIA), Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI), Agricultural Research Development Agency (ARDA), Thailand Center of Excellence for Life Sciences (TCELS), National Vaccine Institute (NVI), and three Program Management Units (PMU A, PMU-B, and PMUC) established as sandboxes under NXPO. 3. Organisations performing research and innovation. 4. MSTQ (Metrology, Standards, Testing, and Quality) organisations. 5. Organisations supporting and facilitating knowledge management and research and innovation utilisation to create social and economic impacts. 6. Others as designated by the Policy Council. Categories 3 to 5 currently encompass a total of 75 government agencies, 170 higher education institutes, and 8 non-profit foundations and organisations. The Bio-Circular-Green Economy (BCG) model, declared a national agenda in early 2021, continues to be a significant focus in the public research system. The BCG model aims to transform Thailand's biological and cultural diversity into a competitive advantage through science, technology, and innovation. The 2021-2027 BCG Action Plan consists of four pillars: promoting sustainability of biological resources, strengthening communities and grassroots economy, upgrading and promoting sustainable competitiveness of Thai BCG industries, and building resilience to global changes. Thailand introduced the BCG model into APEC's conversation during its hosting in 2022, and the Bangkok Goals on Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) Economy were endorsed by leaders of APEC member economies. Thailand is actively participating in global efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The country's Climate Change Master Plan (2015-2050) outlines long-term directions and key strategies in mitigation, adaptation, and cross-cutting issues. The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) details adaptation plans in priority sectors. Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) and Technology Action Plans (TAPs) prioritise technologies for greenhouse gas emissions reduction and climate change adaptation. Additionally, the National AI Strategy and Action Plan 2022-2027 aim to harness AI's potential through strategies like developing human capacity and technology and promoting AI in public and private sectors. Frontier science, another strategic area in the Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation Policy and Strategy, plays a pivotal role in future discovery and economic prosperity. Thailand emphasises frontier science development in areas such as human genetics, environment, and culture to support national security and self-reliance. Funding programs and roadmaps for quantum technology, earth space system, and high energy physics have been developed. The Thailand Synthetic Biology Consortium (SynBio Consortium) and the TSC-2 program by the Thai Space Consortium (TSC) also contribute to bolstering frontier science and the country's scientific capabilities. |
| Türkiye | The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBITAK) is the leading agency in research funding, providing extensive funding for research, development and innovation (RDI) projects aligned with national targets. Through scholarships, TÜBITAK supports research projects in universities, private sector and other organisations, as well as researchers at every stage of their careerand students. Other entities such as the Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, and the Council of Higher Education also provide funds for research in their respective fields. According to the 'Research and Development Activities Survey, 2021' by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), R&D expenditure in Türkiye reached approximately 36.6 billion PPP$ in 2021, a 16% increase compared to the previous year. The share of R&D expenditure in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) also rose to 1.40% in 2021. Eurostat data reflect a 16.3% change y-o-y (2021 vs. 2020) in PPS terms, 1.13% in GDP terms.) Government support for the public research system in Türkiye focuses on addressing global and societal challenges such as climate change, natural disasters, green and digital transitions, and national needs. Supporting an open, inclusive, interdisciplinary, and collaborative innovation environment is essential to tackle these challenges and fostering a common research culture. The transformation of R&D and innovation processes and the need for co-creation and new knowledge are increasing in response to global and national societal challenges. Türkiye's national research and innovation policy is coordinated at the Presidential level under the Presidential Government System. The Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Council (STIPC), affiliated with the President, plays a primary role in science, technology, and innovation (STI). Recently, in collaboration with the Ministry of Industry and Technology and the technical support of TÜBITAK, technology roadmaps for artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, cybersecurity, advanced materials, motor technologies, and biotechnological pharmaceuticals have been prepared under the auspices of STIPC. These roadmaps aim to establish strategic objectives, critical products, and priority sectoral applications for these technologies. Technology roadmaps are used as inputs for national strategies and public RDI funding planning. The Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023), the first plan under the Presidential Government System, emphasises the need to develop knowledge creation and use, support high value-added production, and create an efficient R&D and innovation ecosystem. The plan's primary goals include improving the business environment, enhancing R&D and innovation capabilities, increasing value-added production, and boosting the share of high-tech sectors in manufacturing and exports. Medium-term and annual programs have been developed to ensure the plan's efficient implementation. The Twelfth Development Plan is currently being prepared with an inclusive approach to advance long-term objectives through sustainable development. It will serve as the strategic framework from 2024 to 2028, aligned with the 2053 vision, to make Türkiye a global power centre. Special Expert Commissions have been established to prepare preliminary reports for the new Development Plan. Targets for industry and technology have been determined within the scope of the '2023 Industry and Technology Strategy,' published by the Ministry of Industry and Technology in September 2019, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Türkiye. TÜBITAK has been publishing 'TÜBITAK Priority Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) Topics' biannually since 2013, with a focus on green and digital technologies. The priority RDI topics have three main pillars: (i) priority and key technologies, (ii) compliance with the EU Green Deal and adaptation to climate change, and (iii) strategic and national priorities. Projects aligned with these pillars and within the defined technological readiness levels receive prioritisation during evaluation. These priority RDI topics are also supported through specific calls of the 'Technology Oriented Industrial Move' program of the Ministry of Industry and Technology. Main public research centres and institutes affiliated with TÜBITAK conduct research on strategic areas. There are more than 5000 qualified R&D personnel in 12 research institutes affiliated to TÜBITAK. Recent efforts have focused on updating the business models of TÜBITAK institutes and establishing a collaboration model centred around the Artificial Intelligence Institute. Türkiye's Research Infrastructures Law (TRIL), Law No. 6550, aims to significantly boost the public research system. The TRIL seeks to ensure the efficient use and sustainability of research infrastructures, establish cooperation with the private sector and related public institutions, manage sustainable finance and employment, provide 24/7 accessibility to researchers, and monitor and evaluate the performance of research infrastructures. Certified Research Infrastructures in Türkiye, as per TRIL, develop technologies in biomedicine and genomics, nanotechnology, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems/ Nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), solar energy, accelerator technologies, and in the maritime sector. Recent additions include nanophotonics, astrophysics, and life sciences. TÜBITAK mobilises the research, development and innovation (RDI) ecosystem by increasing the number and interaction of High Technology Platforms through the Support Programme for Centres of Excellence (TÜBITAK 1004). These centres collaborate with the industry in a co-creation approach for project proposals. The program supports research infrastructures by providing RDI funding to a bundle of R&D projects in a specific technology area, between Technology Readiness Levels 3-6. Research centres established through public funds and accredited under Law No. 6550, as well as the research centres of 'Research Universities' determined by the Higher Education Council, have the opportunity to acquire large-scale R&D project support from TÜBITAK, aiming to specialise in a thematic field and become sustainable high technology hubs in Türkiye. In the 2018 call, 8 out of 19 platforms were decided to be supported. Within the scope of research programmes, projects focusing on target-specific drugs in cancer, high-efficiency silicon-based solar cell production, nanomaterials, avionic display technologies, cellular therapy products, clinical applications, etc. have been carried out. In the 2021 call, it was decided to support 12 out of a total of 20 applied platforms. The thematic areas of the platforms established under this call include nanotechnological, biotechnological materials, medical technologies, smart cities, electric vehicle and battery technologies, food supply security and vaccine technologies. The program supports eight platforms for research programs, including European partner institutions, and will support additional 12platforms by the end of 2023. |
| Ukraine | It is extremely difficult to assess the medium- and long-term effects of the war on the field of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activity, in particular due to the unpredictability of the further development of the situation and problems with gathering information about the possibility of continuing the implementation of started and planned scientific, scientific-technical works and projects, as well as innovative projects, the availability and current state of personnel potential, the state of research and innovation infrastructure. As of today, the following data are available regarding the damage ( destruction) of property and buildings of scientific institutions: 114 are partially damaged, 4 are destroyed, there is no information about 8 , because they are located in the temporarily occupied territory; about 15% of the research infrastructure of institutions of higher education and scientific institutions was damaged, including unique scientific equipment and facilities, research laboratories, centers for the collective use of scientific equipment. Institutions of higher education and scientific institutions located in Sumy, Chernihiv, Kharkiv and Mykolaiv regions suffered significant destruction, but it is currently not possible to establish the amount of damage due to constant shelling and continued destruction of infrastructure. The large-scale challenges caused by the war require directing the state's efforts to solve both strategic and urgent problems in the scientific and innovative spheres. Currently, the main strategic program document of the Government regarding the further life of the country in the conditions of martial law and after its abolition is the Recovery Plan of Ukraine, which contains a separate section related to the "Science and Innovation" direction. According to the provisions of the Plan in the field of science and innovation, the primary tasks in the war and post-war period are the restoration and development of the sphere for the rapid restoration of the economy and defense capability of Ukraine, as well as the solution of urgent social issues in the following blocks: - innovators to carry out scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities, as well as for the return of scientists and innovators who were forced to leave the country; - restoration and modernization of the network of research and innovation infrastructure; - implementation of a multi-channel targeted science funding system with a gradual increase in the science intensity of GDP, orientation of state financial support for scientific research on those studies aimed at restoring Ukraine and its economy, ensuring defense capability and sustainable development, increasing grant support for scientific research and scientific and technical development by the National Research Fund of Ukraine; - directing the sphere of science and innovation to solve the primary needs of the country and global world challenges; - integration into the European and global research space, providing access to Ukrainian scientists and innovators to the tools of international programs to support science and innovation. |
| United Kingdom | In March 2023, the UK Government published the UK Science and Technology Framework, setting out our approach to making the UK a science and technology superpower by 2030. At the same time it published the UK's International Technology Strategy setting out how we will achieve our ambitions and our vision of the UK as a centre of excellence, able to build our alliances which can win the global battle for technology influence and enable our values of freedom and democracy to thrive. In the 2021 Spending Review, the government announced increasing public R&D investment to record levels, providing £20 billion across the UK by 2024-25 (including funding for EU programmes) to cement the UK as a global science and technology superpower. This is the largest ever increase over a Spending Review Period. The Advanced Research and Invention Agency (ARIA) was formally launched in January 2023 as an independent body, beginning its work to create transformational research programmes with the potential to create new technological capabilities for the benefit of humanity. ARIA has been designed with a unique level of freedom which puts trust in the decisions of experts in their field and empowers them to quickly allocate funding in support of their ambitious vision. The Landscape Review examined the mix of UK organisations performing RDI, with recommendations to make the most of the UK's research organisational landscape, ensuring it is effective, sustainable and responsive to global challenges. A key policy debate within UK RDI was on UK association to Horizon Europe and Copernicus programmes following UK exit from the European Union or on alternatives. Much of RDI sector supported of UK associating to Horizon Europe. The UK and EU have now agreed a deal to associate to Horizon Europe. From 7 September 2023, UK researchers can now bid into Horizon, certain that all successful UK applicants will be covered through the UK's association (or through the guarantee) for the remainder of the programme. The UK will also associate to Copernicus, the European Earth Observation programme. |
| Viet Nam | Investment in science and technology remains limited; the proportion of expenditure dedicated to these areas does not align with the country's economic development rate. Although the number of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) human resources has increased, the quality falls short of the demands of the nation's industrialisation and modernisation drive. There is a distinct lack of strong scientific groups, and leading experts capable of pioneering new research directions or managing national research tasks on an international level are scarce. Furthermore, the operational efficiency of public science and technology organisations leaves much to be desired. International cooperation has yet to concentrate on the transfer, absorption, and mastery of advanced technologies. Additionally, there are significant inadequacies and inconsistencies in STI infrastructures. In certain areas, the development investment budget for science and technology has been allocated but not used appropriately. The machinery and equipment of centres dedicated to the application of scientific-technological advances, as well as those at technical centres for standards, measurements and quality, are outdated and poorly maintained. Investment and procurement in these areas have not been carried out in a timely or synchronous manner. |